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Ashton-under-Lyne

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Coordinates: 53°29′39″N 2°06′12″W / 53.4941°N 2.1032°W / 53.4941; -2.1032

Ashton-under-Lyne


Ashton-under-Lyne town centre
Ashton-under-Lyne is located in Greater Manchester
Ashton-under-Lyne

Ashton-under-Lyne shown within Greater Manchester
Population 43,236 (2001 Census)
 - Density 12,374 per mi² (4,777 per km²)
OS grid reference SJ931997
 - London 160 mi (257 km) SSE
Metropolitan borough Tameside
Metropolitan county Greater Manchester
Region North West
Constituent country England
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE
Postcode district OL6, OL7
Dialling code 0161
Police Greater Manchester
Fire Greater Manchester
Ambulance North West
European Parliament North West England
UK Parliament Ashton-under-Lyne
List of places: UK • England • Greater Manchester

Ashton-under-Lyne (pop. 43,200) is a market town in the Metropolitan Borough of Tameside, Greater Manchester, England.[1] It lies on the north bank of the River Tame, on undulating land at the foothills of the Pennines. Ashton (as it is often shortened to) is 3.8 miles (6.1 km) south-southeast of Oldham, 6.1 miles (9.8 km) north-northeast of Stockport, and 6.2 miles (10.0 km) east of the city of Manchester.

Historically a part of Lancashire, Ashton-under-Lyne and its surrounding area have provided evidence of Stone Age, Romano-British and Viking activity. The "Ashton" part of its name probably dates from the Anglo-Saxons, and derives from Old English meaning "settlement by ash trees", while the "under-Lyne" element is less clear,[2] possibly deriving from the British lemo meaning elm or else from Ashton's proximity to the Pennines.[3] During the Middle Ages, Ashton-under-Lyne formed a parish and township centred on Ashton Old Hall which was held by the de Asshetons, the Lords of the Manor. Granted a Royal Charter in 1414, the manor spanned a broad rural area comprising marshland, moorland and a variety of villages and hamlets.

Until the introduction of the cotton trade in 1769, Ashton was "bare, wet, and almost worthless".[3] The factory system, and textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution facilitated a process of unplanned urbanisation in the area, and by the mid-19th century Ashton had emerged as an important mill town at a convergence of newly constructed canals and railways. Ashton-under-Lyne's transport network allowed for an economic boom in cotton spinning, weaving, and coal mining, so much so that it was granted borough status in 1847.

Imports of cheaper foreign goods led to the decline of Ashton's heavy industries during the mid-20th century. However, the town itself has continued to thrive as a centre of commerce, and is "considered the hub of Tameside, providing the perfect setting for the town hall, council offices and 19th-century market hall".[4] Ashton Market is one of the largest outdoor markets in the United Kingdom. The 13,000-square-metre (140,000 sq ft), two-floored Ashton Arcades shopping centre opened in 1995, and in 2006 IKEA opened the then tallest store in the country.

Contents

[edit] History

Evidence of prehistoric activity in the area centres around Ashton Moss, a peat bog covering 107 hectares (260 acres).[5] A single Mesolithic flint was found in Ashton Moss, which is the only one of 22 Mesolithic sites in Tameside not located in the hilly uplands in the north east of the borough.[6] A collection of nine Neolithic flints were also unearthed from Ashton Moss.[7] There was further activity in or around the bog in the Romano-British period. In around 1911 an adult male skull was found in the moss. A precise date for the skull cannot be ascertained, however it was probably linked to the cult of the head which was responsible for the Lindow Man bog body.[8]

The eastern terminus of the early medieval linear earthwork Nico Ditch is in Ashton Moss (grid reference SJ909980); it was probably used as an administrative boundary and dates from the 8th or 9th centuries. Legend claims it was built in a single night in 869–870 as a defence against Viking invaders.[9][10] Further evidence of Dark Age activity in the area comes from the name of the town. The "Ashton" part of its name probably derives from the Anglo-Saxon meaning "settlement by ash trees",[11][12] while the "under-Lyne" element is less clear, possibly deriving from the British lemo meaning elm or else to Ashton's proximity to the Pennines.[3] This means that Ashton probably became a settlement sometime after the Romans left Britain.[13] An early form of the town's name, which included a burh element, indicates that in the 11th century, Ashton-under-Lyne and Bury were two of the most important towns in Lancashire.[14] The "under-Lyne" facet of the name was not widely used until the mid-19th century when it became useful as a means of distinguishing the town from other places named Ashton.[15]

Ashton Old Hall, prior to its demolition in 1890

Ashton was not mentioned by name in the Domesday Survey of 1086, perhaps because only a partial survey of the area was taken.[16][17] It is thought that St Michael's Church, mentioned in the entry for the ancient parish of Manchester in the Domesday Survey, was in Ashton. The town itself was first mentioned in the 12th century when the manor was part of the barony of Manchester.[16] By the late 12th century, a family who adopted the name Assheton held the manor on behalf of the Barons of Manchester.[18] Ashton Old Hall was a manor house and the seat of the Assheton family, the administrative centre of the manor.[19] With three wings, the hall was "one of the finest great houses in the North West" of the 14th century and antiquarian John Aikin described it as "a building of great antiquity".[19] It has been recognised as important for being one of the few great houses in south-east Lancashire and possibly one of the few halls influenced by French design in the country.[19] In 1414, Ashton was granted a Royal Charter allowing it to hold a fair twice a year and a market on every Monday,[20][21] making the settlement a market town.[22]

According to popular tradition Sir Ralph de Assheton, who was Lord of the Manor in the mid-14th century and known as the Black Knight, was an unpopular and cruel lord. After his death, his unpopularity led the locals to parade an effigy of him around the town each Easter Monday and collect money.[23] Afterwards the effigy was hung up and shot before being set on fire. It was then torn apart and thrown into the crowd.[24] On this day, shops in the town would remain closed; the tradition continued into the 1830s.[25] The first recorded occurrence of this is in 1795, although the tradition may be even older.[26]

The manor of Ashton remained in the hands of the Ashton family until 1514 when the line ended; it was later acquired by Sir George Booth and descended with the Booth family until 1758 when the Earls of Stamford inherited it through marriage. The earls then held the manor until the 19th century.[27] The lords' consistent absence from the manor is said to have been the stimulus for Ashton's growth of a large scale domestic-based textile industry in the 17th century.[28] Pre-industrial Ashton-under-Lyne was centred around four roads: Town Street, Crickets Lane, Old Street, and Cowhill Lane. In the late-18th and early-19th centuries, the town was re-planned, with a grid pattern of roads. This meant that very little remains of the previous town.[22] In 1730 a workhouse was established which consisted of a house and two cottages; it later came to be used as a hospital.[29] The Ashton Canal was constructed in the 1790s to transport coal from the area to Manchester, with a branches to the coal pits at Fairbottom.[30]

Following the Industrial Revolution, Ashton became a mill town at the centre of a network of canals and railways.
Ashton's town library was built in the second half of the 19th century.

The weaving of fustian and woollens in the domestic system has a long history in the town, dating back to at least the Early Modern period. Accounts dated 1626 highlight that Humphrey Chetham had dealings with cloth-makers in Ashton-under-Lyne.[31] However, the introduction of the factory system following the Industrial Revolution changed the town in the 19th century, from a market town to a mill town. Having previously been one of the two main towns in the Tame Valley, Ashton-under-Lyne became one of the "most famous mill towns in the North West".[32] From 1773 to 1905, 75 cotton mills were established in the town. On his tour of northern England in 1849, Scottish publisher Angus Reach said:

In Ashton, too, there lingers on a handful of miserable old men, the remnants of the cotton hand-loom weavers. No young persons think of pursuing such an occupation. The few who practice it were too old and confirmed in old habits, when the power-loom was introduced, to be able to learn a new way of making their bread.[33]

—Angus Reach, Morning Chronicle, 1849

The cotton industry in the area grew rapidly from the start of the 19th century to 1860 when the Lancashire Cotton Famine of 1861–1865 curtailed growth.[34] The growth of the textile industry in the town led to the construction of estates specifically for workers. For example, workers' housing in Park Bridge, on the border between Ashton and Oldham, was created in the 1820s.[35] The iron works were founded in 1786 and were some of the earliest in the north west.[36] The Oxford Mills settlement was founded in 1845 by local industrialist and mill-owner Hugh Mason[37] who saw it as a model industrial community.[15] The community was provided with a recreational ground, a gymnasium, and an institute containing public baths, a library, and a reading room.[38] Mason estimated that establishing the settlement cost him around £10,000 and would require a further £1,000 a year to maintain (today about £600,000 and £60,000 respectively) and that the annual death rate there was significantly lower than in the rest of the town.[39][40]

There was a cholera outbreak in Ashton-under-Lyne in 1832, caused by a poor supply of fresh water and dwellings without adequate drainage.[41] In 1837 the Ashton Poor Law Union was established and covered most of what is now Tameside. A new workhouse was built in 1850 which provided housing for 500 people. It later became part of Tameside General Hospital.[29] Construction on the Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway (SA&MR) began in 1837 to provide passenger transport between Manchester and Sheffield. Although a nine-arch viaduct in Ashton collapsed in April 1845, the line was fully opened on 22 December 1845. The SA&MR was amalgamated with the Sheffield and Lincolnshire Junction Railway, the Great Grimsby & Sheffield Railway, and the Grimsby Docks Company in 1847 to form the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway (MS&LR).[42] In 1890, Ashton Old Hall was bought and demolished by the MS&LR to make way for the construction of new sidings.[19]

In the late 19th century, public buildings such as the market hall, the town hall, the public library, and public baths were built.[37] The baths built in 1870–1871 were funded by donation from Hugh Mason.[43] The Ashton-under-Lyne Improvement Act was passed in 1886 which gave the borough influence over housing and allowed the imposition of minimum standards such as having drainage.[44] Coal mining was a secondary industry in the town compared to the textile industry, but in 1882 the Ashton Moss Colliery had the deepest mine shaft in the world at 870 metres (2,900 ft).[45] Ashton's textile industry remained constant between 1865 and the 1920s. Although some mills closed or merged, the number of spindles in use increased.[34][46] With the collapse of the overseas market in the 1920s, the town's cotton industry went into decline, and by the 1930s most of the firms and mills in the area had closed.[34]

Ashton became a part of the newly formed metropolitan borough of Tameside in 1974.[47] In May 2004, the Victorian market hall was ravaged by a massive fire and a temporary building called "The Phoenix Market Hall" was built on Old Cross Street on the opposite side of the old market hall.[48] The market, which was described as the "heart of Ashton", was rebuilt and officially opened on 1 December 2008.[49]

[edit] Governance

The coat of arms of the former Ashton-under-Lyne Municipal Borough Council

Lying within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire since the early 12th century, Ashton-under-Lyne anciently constituted a "single parish-township", but was divided into four divisions (sometimes each styled townships): Ashton Town, Audenshaw, Hartshead, and Knott Lanes.[1][50][51] Ashton Town had been granted a Royal Charter in 1414, making it a market town. All four divisions lay within the hundred of Salford.[1]

In 1827 police commissioners were established for Ashton Town, with the intention of bringing about the social and economic improvement of the area.[1] In 1847 this area was incorporated under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, as a municipal borough with the name "Ashton-under-Lyne", giving it borough status in the United Kingdom.[1][52] When the administrative county of Lancashire was created by the Local Government Act 1888, the borough fell under the newly created Lancashire County Council.[1] The borough's boundaries changed during the late 19th century, by small exchanges of land with the neighbouring districts of Oldham, Mossley, Dukinfield and Stalybridge.[1] In the early 19th century, the Borough of Ashton-under-Lyne grew; Hurst Urban District was added in 1927, parts of Hartshead and Alt civil parishes in 1935, and parts of Limehurst Rural District in 1954. Since 1956, Ashton has been twinned with Chaumont, France.[53]

Under the Local Government Act 1972, the town's borough status was abolished, and Ashton has, since 1 April 1974, formed part of the Metropolitan Borough of Tameside, within the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester.[1] Ashton-under-Lyne is divided into four wards, being Ashton Hurst, Ashton St. Michaels, Ashton St Peters and Ashton Waterloo. Since the May 2008 local elections Ashton has had ten Labour and two Conservative councillors.[54]

In terms of parliamentary representation, since the Reform Act 1832 the town has been represented as part of the Ashton-under-Lyne parliamentary constituency. During its early years, the constituency was represented in the House of Commons by members of the Liberal Party, until the late-19th century, when it was broadly held by the Conservative Party. Since 1935, it has been held by the Labour Party; the current member of parliament is David Heyes.

[edit] Geography

Neighbouring towns, villages and places.
North-West:
Failsworth		 North:
Oldham		 North-East:
Mossley
West:
Droylsden		 Ashton-under-Lyne East:
Hartshead
South-West:
Audenshaw		 South:
Dukinfield		 South-East:
Stalybridge
Further information: Geography of Greater Manchester

At 53°29′38″N 2°6′11″W / 53.49389°N 2.10306°W / 53.49389; -2.10306 (53.4941°, -2.1032°), and 160 miles (257 km) north-northwest of London, Ashton-under-Lyne stands on the north bank of the River Tame, above which it is elevated by around 35 feet (11 m).[2] Described in Samuel Lewis's A Topographical Dictionary of England (1848) as situated on "a on a gentle declivity",[2] Ashton-under-Lyne lies on undulating ground by the Pennines, reaching a maximum elevation of around 1,000 feet (305 m) above sea level. It is 6.2 miles (10.0 km) east of Manchester city centre, and is bound on all sides by other towns: Audenshaw, Droylsden, Dukinfield, Mossley, Oldham and Stalybridge, with little or no green space between them. Ashton experiences a temperate maritime climate, like much of the British Isles, with relatively cool summers and mild winters.

Ashton-under-Lyne and neighbouring Oldham viewed from Werneth Low

Generally the bedrock of the west of the town consists of coal measures, which were exploited by the coal mining industry, while the east is mainly millstone grit. Overlying the bedrock are deposits of glacial sand and gravel, clay, and some alluvial deposits. Ashton Moss, a peat bog, lies to the west of the town and was originally much larger.[55] The River Tame forms part of the southern boundary, dividing the town from Stalybridge and Dukinfield, and the River Medlock runs to the west. Both the Ashton and Peak Forest Canals pass through the town.

Ashton's built environment is similar to the urban structure of most towns in England, consisting of residential dwellings centred around a market square and high street in the town centre, which is the local centre of commerce. There is a mixture of low-density urban areas, suburbs, semi-rural and rural locations in Ashton-under-Lyne, but overwhelmingly the land use in the town is residential; industrial areas and terraced houses give way to suburbs and rural greenery as the land rises out of the town in the east. The older streets are narrow and irregular, but those more recently formed are spacious, and consist of "substantial and handsome houses".[2] Areas and suburbs of Ashton-under-Lyne include Ashton Moss, Cockbrook, Hartshead, Hazelhurst, Heys, Hurst, Limehurst, Luzley, Park Bridge, Ryecroft, Taunton, and Waterloo.

[edit] Demography

Further information: Demography of Greater Manchester
Ashton-under-Lyne compared
2001 UK census Ashton-under-Lyne[56] Tameside[57] England
Total population 43,236 213,043 49,138,831
White 82.3% 91.2% 91%
Asian 11.2% 5.6% 4.6%
Black 0.3% 1.2% 2.3%

As of the 2001 UK census, Ashton-under-Lyne had a population of 43,236.[58] The 2001 population density was 12,374 per mi² (4,777 per km²), with a 100 to 96.1 female-to-male ratio.[59] Of those over 16 years old, 30.9% were single (never married) and 50.0% married.[60] Ashton-under-Lyne's 18,347 households included 33.2% one-person, 33.0% married couples living together, 8.9% were co-habiting couples, and 12.4% single parents with their children; these figures were similar to those of Tameside, however both Tameside and Ashton have higher rates of single parents than England (9.5%).[61] Of those aged 16–74, 37.0% had no academic qualifications, similar to that of 35.2% in all of Tameside but significantly higher than the 28.9% in all of England,[57][62] and 11.9% had an educational qualification such as first degree, higher degree, qualified teacher status, qualified medical doctor, qualified dentist, qualified nurse, midwife, health visitor, etc. compared to 20% nationwide.[57][63]

In 1931, 10.2% of Ashton's population was middle class compared with 14% in England and Wales, and by 1971, this had increased steadily to 17.3% compared with 24% nationally. In the same time frame, there was the decline of the working class population. In 1931, 33.8% were working class compared with 36% in England and Wales; by 1971, this had decreased to 29.2% in Ashton and 26% nationwide. The rest of the population was made up of clerical workers and skilled manual workers.[64]

[edit] Population change

In 1700, the population of Ashton-under-Lyne, which was the main urban area in the Tame Valley, was an estimated 550. In the 18th century the town grew, due to an influx of people from the countryside as industry in the town flourished, mirroring the rest of the region.[65] In the early-19th century Irish immigrants, drawn to the area due to the Great Irish Famine and jobs created by industry, led to a further increase in population.[66][67] The population of Ashton increased by more than 400% between 1801 and 1861' from 6,500 to 34,886, due to an availability of jobs created by the growth of the textile industry in the town. As a result of the cotton famine in the 1860s, the population dropped by 9%.[68] The table below details the population change since 1851, including the percentage change since the last census.

Population growth in Ashton-under-Lyne since 1851
Year 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1939 1951 1961 1971 1991 2001
Population 29,790 34,886 31,984 36,399 40,486 43,890 45,172 43,335 51,573 46,534 46,794 50,154 48,974 44,385 43,263
 % change – +14.6 −9.1 +12.1 +10.1 +7.8 +2.8 −4.2 +16.0 −10.8 +0.6 +6.7 −2.4 −10.3 −2.6
Source:A Vision of Britain through Time[69][70]

[edit] Religion

See also: List of churches in Greater Manchester
St Michael and All Angels' Church is a Grade I listed building.

In 1795 there was one church in Ashton-under-Lyne, one of only two in Tameside. There was a great increase in the number of chapels and religious buildings in the area in the 19th century, and by the end of the century there were 44 Anglican churches and 138 chaepsl belonging to other denominations. The most common denomination amongst the chapels were Catholic, Congregationalist, and Methodist.[71]

In the 19th century, Ashton-under-Lyne was hailed as a "new Jerusalem" by John Wroe. He founded the Christian Israelite Church, and from 1822 to 1831 Ashton-under-Lyne was the religion's headquarters. Wroe intended to build a wall around the town with four gateways, and while the wall was never constructed, the four gatehouses were. Popular opinion in the town turned against him in 1831 when he was accused of indecent behaviour, although the charges were dismissed. The Church spread to Australia and is still active there.[72][73]

As of the 2001 UK census, 68.5% of Ashton residents reported themselves as being Christian, 6.1% Muslim, 5.0% Hindu, and 0.2% Buddhist. The census recorded 11.4% as having no religion, 0.2% had an alternative religion and 8.7% did not state their religion.[74] Ashton-under-Lyne is home to a Grade I listed church. St Michael and All Angels' Church. The church dates back to at least 1262 and was rebuilt in the 15th, 16th and 19th centuries.[75]

[edit] Economy

Ashton-under-Lyne compared
2001 UK Census Ashton-under-Lyne[76] Tameside[77] England
Population of working age 30,579 152,313 35,532,091
Full time employment 41.0% 43.5% 40.8%
Part time employment 11.3% 11.5% 11.8%
Self employed 5.9% 6.5% 8.3%
Unemployed 4.1% 3.3% 3.3%
Retired 12.2% 13.3% 13.5%
IKEA's store in Ashton-under-Lyne, which opened in 2006, was their first in a town centre.
IKEA's store in Ashton-under-Lyne, which opened in 2006, was their first in a town centre.
 
Ashton Market Hall after it was damaged by fire
Ashton Market Hall after it was damaged by fire

In the medieval period, farming was important in Ashton, particularly arable farming.[78] By the 18th century, textiles had become more important to the economy of the town; in the 1700s, 33.2% of those with jobs worked in textiles and 36% in agriculture.[79] With the advent of the Industrial Revolution in the second half of the 18th century, the textile industry in the town boomed. It expanded steadily until the cotton famine of 1861–1865. After that the industry was steady until it collapsed when the overseas markets shut down in the 1920s.[80]

Ashton has seen coal mining since at least the 17th century.[81] In the late-18th and early-19th centuries, demand for coal increased, which led to an expansion of the coal industry in the town. Coal from the collieries was transported by canal to Manchester.[45] The industry entered decline in the late-19th century, and by 1904 only the Ashton Moss Colliery was still in use; it was also the last colliery to be opened in the area.[45]

Ashton town centre, which is the largest in Tameside, developed in the Victorian period. Many of the original buildings have survived, and as a result, the town centre is protected by Tameside Council as a conservation area.[21][82] As well as being populated by leading high-street names, Ashton has an outdoor market, established in the medieval period. It is made up of about 180 stalls, and is open six days a week.[21] The farmers' market, with over 70 stalls, is the largest in the region, as is the weekday flea market.[83] Ashton Market Hall has undergone a £15M restoration after it was damaged by fire. The Ashton Renewal Area project has attracted investment in the town centre, encouraging conservation and economic development.[21]

The 13,000-square-metre (140,000 sq ft), two-floored Ashton Arcades shopping centre opened in 1995. Permission has been granted for a £40 million extension and is expected to open in autumn 2009.[84] In 2006, after failing twice to gain permission, IKEA announced plans to build its first town centre-store in Ashton-under-Lyne. The store is expected to create 500 new jobs as well as attract other businesses to the area.[85] The store opened on 19 October 2006 and covers 27,500 square metres (296,000 sq ft) At the time of its creation, the store was the tallest in Britain.[86]

Amongst the facilities provided by Ashton Leisure Park are a 14-screen cinema, a bowling alley, and several restaurants.[87] The St Petersfield area of Ashton has undergone a £42M redevelopment and provides 2,000 jobs. The aim of the investment was to create a business district in the town and bring life to a neglected area of Ashton. The development provides 280,000 square feet (26,000 m2) of office space and 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2) of retail and leisure space.[88] Pennine Care NHS Trust relocated its headquarters to the St Petersfield area in 2006.[89] In 2002, several night clubs were brought to the brink of closure after a downturn in trade. Although Ashton was previously a popular nightspot, this was brought about after four murders in the space of three months.[90]

According to the 2001 UK census, the industry of employment of residents aged 16–74 was 22.7% manufacturing, 18.6% retail and wholesale, 11.3% health and social work, 9.8% property and business services, 6.7% construction, 6.5% transport and communications, 5.8% education, 5.6% public administration, 4.3% hotels and restaurants, 3.8% finance, 0.4% agriculture, 0.7% energy and water supply, and 3.9% other. Compared with national figures, the town had a relatively low percentage working in agriculture, public administration, and property which was also below the national average, and high rates of employment in construction at more than triple the national rate (6.8%).[91] The census recorded the economic activity of residents aged 16–74, 2.0% students were with jobs, 3.8% students without jobs, 6.4% looking after home or family, 9.5% permanently sick or disabled, and 3.9% economically inactive for other reasons.[76] Ashton's 4.1% unemployment rate was above the national rate of 3.3%.[77]

[edit] Culture

[edit] Sports

The most prominent football teams are Ashton United F.C. and Curzon Ashton F.C.. Ashton United play at Hurst Cross stadium and Curzon Ashton at the Tameside stadium on Richmond Street. The Richmond Park Athletics Stadium, also on Richmond Street, is a synthetic running track with a grass infield[92] and is home to the East Cheshire Harriers & Tameside AC and the Ashton Cricket Club. This team has won the Central Lancashire Cricket League's first and second division twice each, and the Wood Cup, four times.[93]

[edit] Landmarks

The Corinthian columns on the facade of Ashton Town Hall

After the Ashton Canal closed in the 1960s, it was decided to turn the Portland Basin warehouse into a museum. In 1985, the first part of the Heritage Centre and Museum opened on the first floor of the warehouse.[94] The complete restoration of building was complete in 1999; the museum details Tameside's social, industrial, and political history.[95] The basin next to the warehouse is the point at which the Ashton Canal, the Huddersfield Narrow Canal and the Peak Forest Canal join together. The canal at the Portland Basin has been used several times as a shooting location for Coronation Street, including a scene where the character Richard Hillman drove into the canal.[96]

The earliest parts of Ashton town hall, which was the first purpose-built town hall in what is now Tameside, date to 1840 when it was opened. It has classical features such as the Corinthian columns on the entrance facade. Enlarged in 1878, the hall provides areas for administrative purposes and public functions.[97] The hall is a Grade II listed building.[98] After the Ashton-under-Lyne municipal borough was abolished in 1974, the town hall was no longer required and became the home of the Museum of the Manchester Regiment. The museum exhibits relics related to the Manchester Regiment including five Victoria Crosses awarded to members of the regiment.[99]

There are five parks in the town, three of which have Green Flag awards.[100] The first park opened in Ashton-under-Lyne was Stamford Park on the border with Stalybridge; opened in 1873, the land was bought from a local mill-owner for £15,000 (£1,050,000 as of 2009)[101] and further land was donated by George Grey, 7th Earl of Stamford.[102] Hartshead Pike is a stone tower on top of Hartshead Hill overlooking Ashton and Oldham.[103] The current building was constructed in 1863 although there has been a building on the site since at least the mid-18th century, although the original purpose is obscure. The pike may have been the site of a beacon in the late-16th century.[104] It has a visitor centre and from the top of the hill it is possible to see the Jodrell Bank Observatory in Cheshire, the Welsh hills, and the Holme Moss transmitter in West Yorkshire.[105]

Ashton-under-Lyne War Memorial, located in Memorial Gardens

The Witchwood, in the St Petersfield area of the town, is a public house and has been a music venue since the 1960s, providing a stage for acts such as Muse, The Coral, and Lost Prophets.[106] It came under threat in 2004 when the area went under redevelopment but was saved from demolition after a campaign by locals, and led by Tom Hingley, that drew support from musicians such as Bert Jansch, The Fall, and The Chameleons.[107]

The main Ashton-under-Lyne War Memorial, located in Memorial Gardens, consists of a central cenotaph on plinth, surmounted by sculpted wounded soldier and the figure of "Peace who is taking the sword of honour" from his hand.[108] The cenotaph is flanked on both sides by two bronze lions. The plinth is decorated with military equipment representing the services, as well as bronze tablets listing the Roll of Honour from World War I. Commissioned by the Ashton War Memorial Committee, the statue was sculpted between 1919 and 1922 by John Ashton Floyd, and unveiled on 16 September 1922 by General Sir Ian Hamilton.[108]

The tablet on the front of the memorial reads:

Erected in honour of the men of Ashton-under-Lyne and district who fought for King and Empire in The Great War, especially those who sacrificed their lives, and whose names are recorded hereon
1914–1919[108]

[edit] Transport

The Portland Basin warehouse is now a museum

In 1732, an Act of Parliament was passed which permitted the construction of a turnpike from Manchester, then in Lancashire, to Salters Brook in Cheshire. The road passed through Ashton-under-Lyne as well as Audenshaw, Mottram-in-Longdendale, and Stalybridge. A Turnpike Trust was responsible for collecting tolls from traffic; the proceeds were used for road maintenance. The Trust for Manchester to Salters Brook was one of over 400 established between 1706 and 1750, a period in which turnpikes became popular.[109] It was the first turnpike to be opened in Tameside, and driven by economic growth, more turnpikes were opened in the area in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Acts of Parliaments were passed in 1765, 1793, and 1799 permitting the construction turnpikes from Ashton-under-Lyne to Doctor Lane Head in Saddleworth, Standedge in Saddleworth, and Oldham respectively. Towards the end of the 19th century, many Turnpike Trusts were wound up as they were superseded by local government; the last in Tameside to close was the Ashton-under-Lyne to Salters Brook road in 1884.[110]

The town of Ashton-under-Lyne became the focus of three canals which were constructed in Tameside in the 1790s because it was an important centre of coal mining and was in the Lancashire coalfield. The 1790s has been characterised as a period of mania for canal building in England. The first of these was the Ashton Canal which was constructed from 1792 to 1797; it was connected Manchester to Ashton-under-Lyne and had a branch to Oldham and cost about £170,000 (£13,000,000 as of 2009).[101][111] The Peak Forest Canal was constructed from 1794 to 1805; it was originally planned as a branch of the Ashton Canal. It connected the Portland Basin with the Peak District and cost £177,000 (£11,000,000 as of 2009).[101][112] The Huddersfield Narrow Canal was built from 1794 to 1811 and allowed cross-Pennine trade between Manchester and Kingston upon Hull; the cost of construction was £400,000.[101][112]

Ashton-under-Lyne railway station

The advent of the railways in the 19th century signalled the decline of the canal system. The Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway Company was founded in 1836 with the purpose of building a line linking Manchester and Sheffield. The line was opened in stages and by 1845 was complete. It included a branch to the nearby town of Stalybridge.[113] The new railways were quicker and more econcomical than the canals, and the waterways declined. The Hudderfield Canal was bought by the Huddersfield and Manchester Railway in 1844. Along with the Ashton and Peak Forest canals, the Huddersfield canal was later bought by the Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway Company.[114] The company was amalgamated with the Sheffield and Lincolnshire Junction Railway and the Great Grimsby and Sheffield Junction Railway in 1847 to become the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway Company.[113] The canals remained in use throughout the 19th century on a smaller scale than in their heyday, but by the mid-20th century all commercial traffic had ceased. They were used for leisure craft and are still maintained and in good condition.[115]

In 1881 a tramway with horse-drawn tramcars was opened between Stalybridge and Audenshaw, through Ashton-under-Lyne. The first tramway of its kind in Tameside, it was later extended to Manchester. The Oldham, Ashton and Hyde Electric Tramway Company, founded in 1899, operated 13 km (8 mi) of tram lines with electric tramcars. It was the first line around Manchester to use electricity. A line from Stalybridge to Ashton-under-Lyne was opened in 1903 and operated by the Stalybridge, Hyde, Mossley and Dukinfield Tramways and Electricity Board.[116] The first bus service from Ashton-under-Lyne ran in 1923 and the 1920s saw a period of decline for the tramways as they suffered from the competition from buses. The last electric tram service in the town ran in 1938.[117]

The M60 motorway, cuts through the west end of Ashton (Junction 23). Regular rail services on the Huddersfield Line between Manchester (Victoria) and Huddersfield stop at Ashton-under-Lyne railway station in the town centre. An extension of the Manchester Metrolink was intended to go as far as Ashton, however due to a cutback in funding, plans have been scaled back and the line will only go as far as Droylsden.[118] Ashton also has one of the busiest bus stations in Greater Manchester. It is planned to be developed and extended in the coming years. Many buses from Ashton go to the surrounding areas of Tameside, including Mossley, Stalybridge, Droylsden, Hyde and Dukinfield. There are also services to many parts of Manchester city centre, and also to many parts of Oldham including Saddleworth, Oldham itself, Royton, Shaw and Rochdale.

[edit] Education

There are eight nursery schools,[119] fifteen primary schools,[120] and two secondary schools in Ashton-under-Lyne.[121] In 2006, the council began a scheme to develop education in the borough by opening six new secondary schools. Amongst the changes proposed as part of the £160M scheme, Hartshead Sports College and Stamford Community High School would close and be replaced by a 1,350-place academy with 300 members of sixth form. The new academy was named New Charter due to sponsorship by the New Charter Housing Trust. In 2007, Hartshead Sports College was placed on "special measures" after it failed to achieve its targets for GCSE results and was criticised by Ofsted for its teaching standard.[122] Originally expected to open in September 2009,[123] the academy opened in September 2008.[124] It is the only academy in Tameside, and one of seven in Greater Manchester.[125]

The other secondary school in the town is St Damian's Science College which provides education for 800 pupils aged 11–16.[126] Dale Grove School has 60 students and offers education for pupils aged 5–16 with special needs.[127] Ashton-under-Lyne Sixth Form College is a centre for further education with 1,650 pupils aged 16–18.[128] Tameside College also provides opportunities for further education and opperates in Ashton-under-Lyne, Droylsden, and Hyde.[129] Founded in 1954, it was orginially called Ashton College and was expanded in 1957 and 1964.[130]

[edit] Public services

In the early 19th century, Ashton-under-Lyne's growth made it necessary to find a new water supply. Prior to the introduction of piped water, the town's inhabitants had acquired water from wells and in the nearby River Tame, however industrial processes had polluted the river and the wells could not sustain a rapidly expanding population. From 1825, a private company was responsible for piping water from reservoirs, but there were still many homes without proper drainage or water supply.[41] Today, Waste management is co-ordinated by the local authority via the Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority.[131] The first power station in Tameside was built in 1899, providing power for the area.[132] Ashton's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is United Utilities;[133] there are no power stations in the town. United Utilities also manages the drinking and waste water.[133]

Home Office policing in Ashton-under-Lyne is provided by the Greater Manchester Police. The force's Tameside Division have their divisional headquarters for policing Tameside in the town.[134][135] Public transport is co-ordinated by the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive. Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service, which has one station on Slate Lane.[136] The Tameside General Hospital is a large NHS hospital on the outskirts of the town,[137] administrated by Tameside Hospital NHS Foundation Trust.[138] The North West Ambulance Service provides emergency patient transport. Other forms of health care are provided for locally by several small clinics and surgeries.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

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[edit] Bibliography

[edit] External links

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Metropolitan districts
Major settlements
Altrincham • Ashton-in-Makerfield • Ashton-under-Lyne • Atherton • Audenshaw • Blackrod • Bolton • Bury • Cadishead • Chadderton • Cheadle • Cheadle Hulme • Clifton • Denton • Droylsden • Dukinfield • Eccles • Failsworth • Farnworth • Golborne • Heywood • Hindley • Horwich • Hyde • Irlam • Kearsley • Leigh • Littleborough • Manchester • Middleton • Milnrow • Mossley • Oldham • Partington • Pendlebury • Prestwich • Radcliffe • Ramsbottom • Rochdale • Royton • Sale • Salford • Shaw and Crompton • Stalybridge • Stockport • Stretford • Swinton • Tyldesley • Urmston • Walkden • Westhoughton • Whitefield • Wigan • Worsley
See also: List of civil parishes in Greater Manchester
Rivers
Beal • Bollin • Croal • Dean Brook • Douglas • Etherow • Goyt • Irk • Irwell • Medlock • Mersey • Roch • Spodden • Tame • Tonge
Topics
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton-under-Lyne"
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