Close central unrounded vowel
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See also: IPA, Consonants
| Front | Near- front | Central | Near- back | Back | |
| Close | |||||
| Near-close | |||||
| Close-mid | |||||
| Mid | |||||
| Open-mid | |||||
| Near-open | |||||
| Open | |||||
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents
a rounded vowel. Vowel length is indicated by appending ː.
a rounded vowel. Vowel length is indicated by appending ː.
| IPA – number | 317 |
| IPA – text | ɨ |
| IPA – image |  |
| Entity | ɨ |
| X-SAMPA | 1 |
| Kirshenbaum | i" |
 Sound sample (help·info) |
|
The close central unrounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɨ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is 1. The IPA symbol is the letter i with a horizontal bar. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as "barred-i".
There is also a near-close central unrounded vowel in some languages.
Contents |
[edit] Features
- Its vowel height is close, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- Its vowel roundedness is unrounded, which means that the lips are spread.
[edit] Occurrence
/ɨ/ is a rare phoneme in most Indo-European languages. However, it is very common as a separate phoneme in the indigenous languages of the Americas and is often in phonemic contrast with other close vowels such as /i/ and /u/ both in modern living languages as well as reconstructed proto-languages (e.g. proto-Uto-Aztecan). Campbell, Kaufman & Smith-Stark (1986) identify the presence of this vowel phoneme as an areal feature of a Mesoamerican Sprachbund (although this is not a defining feature of the entire area).
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acehnese | eu | [?ɨ] | 'see' | Asyik[1] and Al-Ahmadi Al-Harbi[2] describe this sound as such while Durie[3] describes it as closer to [ɯ] | |
| Amharic | ሥር | [sɨr] | 'root' | Often transcribed as <ə> | |
| Angor | hüf |
[xɨβə] | 'hot' | ||
| English | roses | [ˈɹoʊzɨz] | 'roses' | Reduced vowel in some dialects; corresponds to unstressed [ɪ] in other dialects. See English phonology. | |
| Guaraní | yvy | [ɨʋɨ] | 'earth' | ||
| Irish | saol | [sɨɫ] | 'life' | See Irish phonology | |
| Kaingang | fy | [ɸɨ] | 'seed' | ||
| Mapudungun | trukür | [tʴuˈkɨɹ] | 'fog' | See Mapudungun phonology | |
| Polish[4] | mysz | [mɨʂ] (help·info) |
'mouse' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | European | Cristiano | [kɾɨʃˈtiɐnu] | 'Christian' | Occurs in unstressed syllables. See Portuguese phonology |
| Romanian | înot | [ɨˈnot] | 'I swim' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[5] | ты | [tɨ] | 'you' (singular) | Occurs only after unpalatalized consonants. See Russian phonology | |
| Sahaptin[6] | [kʼsɨt] | 'cold' | Epenthetic; no lengthened equivalent. | ||
| Sirionó[7] | [eˈsɨ] | 'dry wood' | |||
| Swedish | bi | [bɨ:] | 'bee' | Found in dialects in Närke and Bohuslän and in sociolects in Stockholm and Gothenburg. | |
| Tupi | yby | [ɨβɨ] | 'earth' | ||
| Võro | sysar | [sɨsarʲ] | 'sister' | ||
| Welsh | Northern dialects[8] | llun | [ɬɨːn] | 'picture' | See Welsh phonology |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[9] | nɨ | [nɨ] | 'be sour' | |
[edit] References
- ^ http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/Documents/Publication/MKS/11/abdul1982agreement.pdf
- ^ http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/594-0403/594-0403-AL-HARBI-0-0.PDF
- ^ http://www.acehinstitute.org/Durie_1990.pdf
- ^ Jassem (2003:105)
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:33)
- ^ Hargus & Beavert (2002)
- ^ Firestone (1965:?)
- ^ Ball (1984:?)
- ^ Merrill (2008:109)
[edit] Bibliography
- Al-Ahmadi Al-Harbi, Awwad Ahmad (2003), "Acehnese coda condition: An optimality-theoretic account", Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational and Social Sciences and Humanities 15: 9-21, http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/594-0403/594-0403-AL-HARBI-0-0
- Ball, Martin J. (1984), "Phonetics for phonology", in Ball, Martin J.; Jones, G.E, Welsh Phonology, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, ISBN 0-7083-0861-9
- Campbell, Lyle; Kaufman, Terrence; Smith-Stark, Thomas C (1986), "Meso-America as a linguistic area", Language 62 (3): 530-570
- Firestone, Homer L. (1965), "Description and classification of Sirionó: A Tupí-Guaraní language.", Janua linguarum, Series Practica, London: Mouton & Co
- Gómez, Paula. (1999). Huichol de San Andrés Cohamiata, Jalisco. Archivo de lenguas indígenas de México. México: El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios.
- Hargus, Sharon; Beavert, Virginia (2002), "Predictable versus Underlying Vocalism in Yakima Sahaptin", International Journal of American Linguistics 68 (3): 316
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103-107
- Jones, Daniel; Dennis, Ward (1969). The Phonetics of Russian. Cambridge University Press.
- Koehn, Edward; & Koehn, Sally. (1986). Apalai. In D. C. Derbyshire & G. K. Pullum (Eds.), Handbook of Amazonian linguistics (Vol. 1, pp. 33-127). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquipan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107-114
- Payne, Doris L.; & Payne, Thomas E. (1990). Yagua. In D. C. Derbyshire & G. K. Pullum (Eds.), Handbook of Amazonian linguistics (Vol. 2, pp. 252-474). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
