Kayah State

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Coordinates: 19°15′N 97°20′E / 19.25°N 97.333°E / 19.25; 97.333

ကယားပြည်နယ် Kayah State (MLCTS: ka.ya: pranynai)
Capital	Loikaw
Region	Southeast
Area	11,670 km²
Population	259,000
Ethnicities	Kayah, Kayin, Padaung, Bamar, Shan, Pa-O
Religions	Buddhism, Christianity, animism

Kayah State (Burmese: ကယားပြည်နယ်; formerly, Karenni State) is a state of Myanmar. Situated in eastern Myanmar, it is bounded on the north by Shan State, on the east by Thailand's Mae Hong Son Province, and on the south and west by Kayin State. It lies approximately between 18° 30' and 19° 55' north latitude and between 94°40' and 97° 93' east longitude. The area is 11,670 km² (4,530 square miles). Its capital is Loikaw (also spelt Loi-kaw). The estimated population in 1998 was approximately 207,357, according to UNICEF. It is inhabited primarily by the Karenni ethnic group, also known as Red Karen or Kayah, a Sino-Tibetan people.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Mong Pyai 2 Demographics 3 Administration 4 Transport 5 Economy 6 Education 7 Health care 8 References 9 External links

[edit] History

For history prior to 1948, see Karenni States.

In August 1948, the Karenni leader U Bee Htu Re was assassinated by central government militia for his opposition to include the Karenni States into the Union of Burma. An armed uprising swept the state that has continued to the present-day.

On 5 October 1951, Karenni State, under the Investigation Act, was renamed Kayah State.

In 1957, pro-independence groups already active in the area formed the Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP), backed by its own army, the Karenni Army (KA). Apart from a brief ceasefire in 1995, the KA has been fighting ever since. Rivals to the KNPP include the leftist Kayan New Land Party (KNLP), and the Karenni National People's Liberation Front (KNPLF), both of which are now allied with the Myanmar military.

In 1996, Myanmar's State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) of stepped up its campaign to crush Karenni independence with a population transfer program, forcibly moving villagers to designated relocation sites to deprive the pro-independence forces of bases of support. The Myanmar government has been accused of massive human rights violations in the region.

It has been alleged that villagers live under the constant threat of rape, beatings, arbitrary arrest or execution, conscription as slave labor for the Myanmar army, and having their food and possessions taken without compensation.

"The SPDC also arbitrarily closes roads for non-military travel in Karenni State, further restricting villagers movements. Landmines are often planted along roads to prohibit the villagers’ movements. Villagers, fearful of landmines and potential injuries, further restrict their own movements.

Even with a valid travel pass villagers are still vulnerable to abuses and exploitation. There have been reports of arrests, torture, extra-judicial killings and rapes of villagers who have had permission to travel. Villagers have also been shot at when they have been outside of their communities."^[1]:[27]

It has also been alleged that the relocation centers have inadequate access to water, food, medical services, and educational facilities. An estimated 50,000 Karenni people classified as IDPs (Internally Displaced Persons) and thousands more are in refugee camps in Thailand.

"Currently there are 4,800 IDPs in eight forced relocation sites throughout Karenni State. These relocation sites are a result of the Burmese military regimes mass relocation program in Karenni State in 1996. Following the collapse of the ceasefire between SLORC and the KNPP, tens of thousands of people were forcibly evicted from their homes during this program.

"Most relocation sites are located close to military camps, army bases and along main roads. This increases the vulnerability of exploitation and abuse. IDPs are subjected to force labour demands from the soldiers and arbitrary taxation (essentially theft). IDPs are also vulnerable to torture; murder and rape by soldiers and their movements are heavily restricted.

"The relocation sites are also inadequate to sustain a healthy and economically viable livelihood. The majority of relocation sites do not have sanitation facilities, electricity or access to safe drinking water. The land surrounding the sites is often barren and over populated. As productive land has usually been claimed by the original inhabitants or confiscated by the soldiers, opportunities to farm are limited. There are also very few employment opportunities in forced relocation sites."^[2]

In 2005, although ceasefire talks continue sporadically, there have been no further developments and the fighting continues.

[edit] Mong Pyai

Mong Pai was a former British Shan State of Burma. It had an approximate area of 1000 sq. miles, and a population of 19,351 in 1901. The general character of the country was hilly, rising westwards from the chief stream of the Nam Hnilu or Balu.

In 1952, the former Shan state of Mong Pai was added to the Karenni States and renamed the Kayah State.

[edit] Demographics

Ethnographers classify anywhere from seven to ten ethnic groups (not including ethnic sub-groups) as native to Kayah State. In addition, Shan, Intha, and Bamar live in the north and Pa-O in surrounding hills. Each group is also known by more than one name. Clearly, ethnicity in Kayah State is a complex issue, made more complex by the current political situation. According to the 1983 census conducted by UN and the Burmese government, the Kayah composed 56.12%, while Bamar (17.58%), Shan (16.66%), Karen (6.45%), mixed races (2.08%), and other groups formed minorities. Ethnolinguists distinguish the following linguistic groups in Kayah State:

1. Karenni (Red Karen)
2. Padaung (Kayan)
3. Bwe
4. Geba (White Karen)
5. Manumanaw
6. Yantale
7. Zayein (Lahta)
8. Geko
9. Yinbaw
10. Paku

[edit] Administration

The state capital is Loikaw. The state is divided into 2 districts (Bawlake and Loikaw) which are divided into seven townships with 106 wards and villages.

[edit] Transport

Kayah State is served by Loikaw Airport.

[edit] Economy

Kayah State has a primarily extraction-based economy. The main crop is rice, mostly irrigated, with other important crops including millet, maize, sesame, groundnut, garlic, and vegetables. Mineral products include alabaster, tin, and tungsten. Valuable woods such as teak and pine were once produced, but the forests have largely been stripped bare by illegal logging authorized by the Tatmadaw (Burmese military). The hydroelectric power plant at Lawpita Falls outside of Loikaw is of strategic importance, as it supplies over 20% of Myanmar's total electrical power.

Kayah State has theoretical tourist potential, if the political situation is resolved. The state has rugged mountains, river streams, lakes and waterfalls; however, transport and communication are difficult. At present, Kayah State is open to outsiders by permit only, which can be difficult to obtain depending on the current military situation. Even with a permit, usually only a 25 km radius around Loikaw is allowed. The central government effectively controls only Loikaw and parts of the western half of the state.

[edit] Education

Educational opportunities in Myanmar are extremely limited outside the main cities of Yangon and Mandalay. According to official statistics, Kayah State has the lowest number of public schools in the country.^[3] Loikaw University is the state's main university.

AY 2002-2003	Primary	Middle	High
Schools	338	33	12
Teachers	1565	352	160
Students	29,200	13,200	4900

[edit] Health care

The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor. The military government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the country's GDP on health care, consistently ranking among the lowest in the world.^[4][5] Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment. In general, the health care infrastructure outside of Yangon and Mandalay is extremely poor but is especially worse in conflict prone areas like Kayah State. The following is a summary of the public health care system in the state.^[6]

2002-2003	# Hospitals	# Beds
Specialist hospitals	0	0
General hospitals with specialist services	1	200
General hospitals	6	141
Health clinics	9	144
Total	16	485

[edit] References

• "Conflict and Displacement in Karenni: The Need for Considered Responses". Burma Ethnic Research Group. http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/responses.htm. Retrieved on 22 May 2006. 
• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

[edit] External links

• Karenni State at Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation (UNPO)
• Karenni Independence Through Education Organisation
• Karenni Homeland

v • d • e Kayah State Capital: Loikaw Loikaw District Loikaw Township · Demoso Township · Hpruso Township · Shadaw Township Bawlakhe District Bawlakhe Township · Hpasawng Township · Mese Township Main cities and towns Loikaw · Demoso · Hpruso · Shadaw · Bawlakhe · Hpasawng · Mese

v • d • e Administrative divisions of Burma (Myanmar) States Chin · Kachin · Kayah · Kayin · Mon · Rakhine · Shan Divisions Ayeyarwady · Bago · Magway · Mandalay · Sagaing · Tanintharyi · Yangon