Naqada
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| Naqada | |
  Naqada
|
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| Coordinates: 25°54′N 32°43′E / 25.9°N 32.717°E | |
| Country |  Egypt |
|---|---|
| Governorate | Qena Governorate |
| Time zone | EST (UTC+2) |
| - Summer (DST) | +3 (UTC) |
- This article is about the Egyptian village. See also Naqahdah for the fictional element from the Stargate setting.
Naqada is a town on the west bank of the Nile in the Egyptian governorate of Qena. It was known in Ancient Egypt as Nubt and in classical antiquity as Ombos. Its name derives from ancient Egyptian nub, meaning gold, on account of the proximity of gold mines in the Eastern Desert.
Naqada comprises some villages such as Tukh, Khatara, Danfiq and Zawayda. It stands near the site of a necropolis from the prehistoric, pre-dynastic period around 4400-3000 BC. Naqada has given its name to the widespread Naqada culture that existed at the time, here, and at other sites including el Badari, Gerzeh, Nekhen (Hierakonopolis), and Qau. The large quantity of remains from Naqada have enabled the dating of the entire culture, throughout Egypt and environs. The modern town is located at: 25°54′00″N 32°43′00″E / 25.9°N 32.716667°E, while the ancient site is located at: 25°57′00″N 32°44′00″E / 25.95°N 32.733333°E.
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[edit] Naqada dating scheme
[edit] Flinders Petrie
The Naqada period was first divided by the British Egyptologist William Flinders Petrie, who explored the site in 1894, into three sub-periods:
- Amratian (after the cemetery near El-Amrah)
- Gerzean (after the cemetery near Gerzeh)
- Semainian (after the cemetery near Es-Semaina)
[edit] Werner Kaiser
Petrie's chronology was superseded by that of Werner Kaiser in 1957. Kaiser's chronology began c. 4000 BC, but the modern version begins slightly earlier, as follows:
- Naqada I a-b-c (about 4400–3500 BCE)
- black-topped and painted pottery
- trade with Nubia, Western Desert oases and Eastern Mediterranean[1]
- obsidian from Ethiopia[2]
- Naqada II a-b-c (about 3500–3200 BCE)
- this culture represented throughout Egypt
- first marl pottery, and metalworking
- Naqada III a-b-c (about 3200–3000 BCE)
- more elaborate grave goods
- cylindrical jars
- writing
[edit] Monuments & excavations
Predynastic Egyptians in the Naqada I period traded with Nubia to the south, the oases of the western desert to the west, and the cultures of the eastern Mediterranean to the east.[1] They also imported obsidian from Ethiopia to shape blades and other objects from flakes.[2] Charcoal samples found in the tombs of Nekhen, which were dated to the Naqada I and II periods, have been identified as cedar from Lebanon.[3]
About three kilometers northwest of Naqada, on the edge of the Western Desert is an early dynastic tomb found in 1897. It contained ivory tablets, vase fragments and clay sealings bearing the name of Pharaoh Hor-Aha and his wife, Neithotep (also spelled Nithotep). The tomb probably belonged to a local administrator of the First dynasty. Nearby cemeteries also produced a number of stelae of the end of the Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period. The necropolis belonged to the town of Qus, on the east bank of the Nile.
The size of the cemeteries and settlements found in the area shows that Naqada, along with modern Tukh, must have been a very important town in the later Predynastic Period. The town's rise to prominence could have been caused by its proximity to the gold mines in the Eastern Desert.
The local god of Naqada was Seth. A New Kingdom temple dedicated to him was located, to which various kings of the 18th Dynasty (Thutmose I, Thutmose III, Amenhotep II), as well as several Ramessids contributed.
A small pyramid, known as the step pyramid of Ombos, is built of undressed stone, and dates to the end of the Third dynasty.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b Shaw, Ian (2002). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 61. ISBN 0-500-05074-0.
- ^ a b Barbara G. Aston, James A. Harrell, Ian Shaw (2000). Paul T. Nicholson and Ian Shaw editors. "Stone," in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Cambridge, 5-77, pp. 46-47. Also note: Barbara G. Aston (1994). "Ancient Egyptian Stone Vessels," Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens 5, Heidelberg, pp. 23-26. (See on-line posts: [1] and [2].)
- ^ Parsons, Marie. "Egypt: Hierakonpolis, A Feature Tour Egypt Story". www.touregypt.net. http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/hierakonpolis.htm. Retrieved on 2008-07-09.
