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Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan (Urdu: تحریک پاکستان) was the struggle carried out by the Muslims of British India to create a separate homeland in fear of losing their identity, culture and liberty to the dominant Indian culture of South Asia and the Hindu majority state. This struggle was led by the Muslim League and resulted in the partition of the British Empire in India. The movement was led by Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, along with such leaders as Allama Iqbal, Liaqat Ali Khan, Fatima Jinnah, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, A.K. Fazlul Huq, and Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar among the many others.
[edit] History of the movement
The idea of a separate state was first introduced by Allama Iqbal in 1930[1]. Subsequently, the name Pakistan was proposed in Pakistan Declarationin 1933 by Choudhary Rahmat Ali along with other members of Pakistan Movement in U.K .[2]. However, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and other leaders maintained their belief in religious unity.[3] It was only after, the volatile political climate and emerging religious hostilities between Hindus and Muslims that gave the idea a stronger backing.[4] 1937 election results was a major shift in Indian politics. congress succeeded in 7 provinces while in four provinces congress was defeated. among the four non congress provinces The Punjab and Bengal had not only power but also had resources( both human and physical). in Bengal Muslim league shared government with A.K.Fazlul haq Kirisk Parja party while The Punjab was neither with congress nor with Muslim league but under unionists, a secular party working under leadership of eminent man sir Fazl-e-Hussain. After Fazl-e-Hussain, sir Sikindar Hayat took leadership. in 1938, Punjab decided to select Jinah her bargaining agent in center and did an agreement Jinah-sikandar pact. so in a period of less then 15 months, with the tremendous support of Punjab and Bengal Jinaah made historic Lahore resolution. In 1940, at the occasion of its general session in Lahore, Muslim League passed the Lahore Resolution (also known as Pakistan Resolution) that became the main objective of struggle for independence. Soon after World War II, United states pressurize both Britain and France to abolish colonization. Britishers tried to develop a consensus among political players in India through Cripps mission and cabinet mission but due to the strictness of congress they finally divided it.. By 1947, British India was divided into a Muslim majority Pakistan and a Hindu majority India.
[edit] Timeline
[edit] Statements and Sayings
- Allama Iqbal
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I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State. Self-government within the British Empire, or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India.[7] |
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- Choudhary Rahmat Ali
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At this solemn hour in the history of India, when British and Indian statesmen are laying the foundations of a Federal Constitution for that land, we address this appeal to you, in the name of our common heritage, on behalf of our thirty million Muslim brethren who live in Pakstan - by which we mean the five Northern units of India, Viz: Punjab, North-West Frontier Province (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sind and Baluchistan - for your sympathy and support in our grim and fateful struggle against political crucifixion and complete annihilation.[2] |
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- Quaid-e-Azam
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It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. They are not religious in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders, and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality, and this misconception of one Indian nation has troubles and will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. They neither intermarry nor interdine together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspect on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Mussalmans derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes, and different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other and, likewise, their victories and defeats overlap. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built for the government of such a state.”[8] |
” |
[edit] References
- ^ Shafique Ali Khan (1987), Iqbal's Concept of Separate North-west Muslim State: A Critique of His Allahabad Address of 1930, Markaz-e-Shaoor-o-Adab, Karachi, OCLC 18970794
- ^ a b Choudhary Rahmat Ali, (1933), Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?, pamphlet, published 28 January
- ^ Ian Talbot (1999), Pakistan: a modern history, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0312216068
- ^ Reginald Coupland (1943), Indian Politics (1936-1942), Oxford university press, London
- ^ Allama Mashraqi
- ^ http://www.allamamashraqi.com/images/The_Khaksar_Martyrs_of_March_19,_1940_by_Nasim_Yousaf.pdf
- ^ Sir Muhammad Iqbal’s 1930 Presidential Address, from Columbia University site
- ^ Excerpt from the Presidential Address delivered by Quaid-e-Azam at Lahore, March 22-23, 1940, Nazariapak.info
[edit] Other Leaders
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
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