British Pakistanis

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British Pakistanis

Notable British people of Pakistani descent: Top row: Muhammed Akbar Khan, Natasha Khan, James Caan Bottom row: Amir Khan, Tariq Ali, Sajid Mahmood
Total population
United Kingdom Over 1,000,000 (2009) England 900,000 (2009)[1] Scotland 70,000 (2009)[2] Wales 20,000 (2009)[3] Northern Ireland 1000 (2009)[4] Over 1.5% of the UK's population (not including illegal immigrants, people who are not ethnically 100% Pakistani, recent immigrants etc)
Regions with significant populations
Regions: West Midlands, Greater London,Yorkshire and The Humber, North West England, Scotland Metropolitan Areas: Greater London, Birmingham Metro Area, Greater Manchester, Leeds-Bradford, Greater Glasgow Cities and towns: Batley, Birmingham, Blackburn, Bolton, Bradford, Burnley, Bury, Cardiff, Coventry, Derby, Glasgow, Huddersfield, London, Luton, Manchester, Nelson, Nottingham, Oldham, Peterborough, Preston, Reading, Rochdale, Slough, Stoke-on-Trent, Walsall
Languages
British English, Urdu, Punjabi, others
Religion
Majority Islam (92%) Minority Christianity (1%)
Related ethnic groups
Overseas Pakistani, British Asian

British Pakistanis (also Pakistani Britons) are citizens of the United Kingdom whose ancestral roots lie in Pakistan. The UK has the second largest overseas Pakistani population after Saudi Arabia. Pakistanis make up a large subgroup of British Asians largley due to historical and colonial links and Pakistan still being part of the Commonwealth of Nations. The British Pakistani population is very diverse and differs from region to region. British Pakistanis are victims of the North-South divide in Britain. This means that in London and the South East, the community is fairly prosperous and educational achievement is on or above national averages. While in the West Midlands and the North of England, the community has generally suffered from a decline in the manufacturing industry and the change to a service economy.^[5] Later generations, however, are being taught relevent skills to work within a service based economy and as such are making good progress particularly within the Sciences^[6].

Contents 1 History 2 Demographics 2.1 Population 2.2 Languages 2.3 Population by UK Censuses 2.4 Religion 2.5 Population distribution 2.6 Notable communities 3 Culture 4 Contemporary issues 4.1 Allegations of extremism 4.2 Discrimination 5 Educational attainment 5.1 GCSE Pass Rates by Region 5.2 GCSE Pass Rates by Year 5.3 A-Levels 6 Economics 6.1 Poverty 6.2 Social Class 7 Health and social issues 7.1 Endogamy 7.2 Forced marriage 8 Notable people 9 See also 10 References 11 External links

History

Pakistan came into existence in 1947, so documentation of the life of Pakistani Britons technically can only start from that year. However, Muslim immigrants from the part of British India now known as Pakistan, entered the British Isles as early as the mid-seventeenth century.

Many from what is now Pakistan fought alongside the British Army during World War I. Pakistanis also fought alongside the British during the Burma Campaign of World War II. Following the Second World War and the break-up of the British Empire, Pakistani migration to the United Kingdom increased, specifically during the 1950s and 1960s, as Pakistan was a part of the Commonwealth.^[7]

The majority of the immigration began in the mid-1950s when manual workers were recruited to fulfil the labour shortage which resulted from World War II. Many people began immigrating from Pakistan-administered Kashmir after the completion of Mangla Dam in Mirpur in the late 1950s as well, that destroyed hundreds of villages and stimulated a large wave of migration. Up to 5,000 people from Mirpur (5% of the displaced)^[8] left for Britain.^[9]

In the years to come, many from Punjab began immigrating in the 1960s; they worked in the foundries of the English Midlands and a large number worked at Heathrow Airport as well. During the same time, medical staff from Pakistan were recruited for the newly formed National Health Service. Over 7,000 Pakistani doctors currently work for the NHS.^[10]

During the 1970s, a large number of East African Asians, who already held British passports, entered the UK after they were expelled from Kenya, Uganda and Zanzibar. The Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 and Immigration Act 1971 largely restricted any further primary immigration, although family members of already-settled migrants were still allowed.

Demographics

Population

According to the 2001 UK Census, 747,285 Pakistanis were reciding in the UK and by most recent estimates the figure has increased to well over 1,000,000. This represents 1.5% of the UK's total population and makes it the world's second largest overseas Pakistani community.^[11]. The largest population is located in the West Midlands^[12]. There are a 100,000 Pashtuns in the UK, the vast majority of whom are Pakistani Pashtuns.^[13] Mirpuris from Mirpur District make up 60-70% of the British Pakistani population and they mainly reside in Birmingham, Bradford, Oldham and surrounding towns.^[14]

Languages

Most Pakistani Britons speak English and second, third and fourth generation Pakistani Britons consider English as their first language. Urdu is understood and spoken by many in the community and is often the language of communication between Pakistani Britons. Urdu is taught in madrassas along with Arabic. In some of the larger communities Urdu is also taught in secondary schools and colleges to GCSE and A Levels respectively. Overwhelming, the majority of Pakistanis in the Britain are from Mirpur, Azad Kashmir^{[citation needed]} and the dominant languages therefore spoken are Pothwari and Hindko which are dialects of Punjabi. Other languages include Punjabi as spoken in the Punjab province, Pashto, Sindhi, Kashmiri and Balochi. According to an Ethnologue report, the number of speakers of such languages (as a primary language) in the United Kingdom are shown below. Please note that some of these languages are not only spoken by British Pakistanis however by other groups such as British Indians and British Afghans to name a few, these are indicated by an asterix.^[15]

• Eastern Panjabi* (although spoken predominantly in India) - 471,000 speakers as a first language
• Urdu* (although spoken predominantly in Pakistan) - 400,000
• Gujarati* (also spoken in India) - 140,000
• Kashmiri* (also spoken in India) - 115,000
• Western Punjabi* (although spoken predominantly in Pakistan) - 102,500
• Southern Pashto* (also spoken in Afghanistan) - 87,000
• Northern Pashto* (also spoken in Afghanistan) - 75,000
• Saraiki - 30,000
• Mirpur Punjabi - 20,000

Population by UK Censuses

Excluding Bangladeshis pre 1971:

Year	Population
1951	10,000
1961	25,000
1971	119,000
1981	296,000
1991	477,000
2001	747,000

Source: ^[16]

Religion

The majority 92% of Pakistanis in the UK are Muslims (mainly Sunni), however there is a sizeable minority of Shia Muslims as well as some Christians (around 8,000 people), and a few Hindus and Sikhs throughout some communities.

Pakistanis make up the largest group of Muslims in Britain at 43%. However, this varies from a high of 71% in Yorkshire and The Humber to a low of 21.5% in Greater London.^[17] The overall religious breakdown of British Pakistanis in 2001 can be seen below.^[18]

Religion	Percentage of British Pakistani pop.	Percentage of total British pop.	Population (2001)
Islam	92.01%	British Pakistani Muslims represent 43.21% of the British Muslim community and 1.17% of the UK population	687,544
Not Stated	6.16%	1.07% of the total number of non-correspondants and 0.08% of the UK population	46,035
Christianity	1.09%	British Pakistani Christians represent represent 0.02% of the British Christian community and 0.01% of the UK population	8,174
Agnostic	0.50%	0.04% of the total number of Agnostics and 0.01% of the UK population	3,721
Hinduism	0.08%	British Pakistani Hindus represent 0.10% of the British Hindu community and close to 0.00% of the UK population	572
Judaism	0.05%	British Pakistani Jews represent represent 0.14% of the British Jewish community and close to 0.00% of the UK population	373
Sikhism	0.05%	British Pakistani Sikhs represent 0.11% of the British Sikh community and close to 0.00% of the UK population	362
Other Religion	0.04%	0.17% of the total of people with another religion and close to 0.00% of the UK population	312
Buddhism	0.03%	British Pakistani Buddhists represent represent 0.13% of the British Buddhist community and close to 0.00% of the UK population	193
Total	100%		747,285

Population distribution

Pakistani population in the United Kingdom regions
Region	Population	Pakistani Population	Pakistanis as Percentage of Population	Cities / Boroughs with Significant Pakistani communities (2005)
West Midlands [19]	5,350,700	172,400	3.2%	Birmingham - 105,000 (11.0% of the city's population) [20] Walsall - 10,000 (5.6%) Sandwell - 8,500 (3.0%) Stoke-on-Trent - 7,000 (3.0%) Dudley - 6,500 (3.3%) Coventry - 6,500 (2.1%) Burton-on-Trent - 4,000 (6.6%) Wolverhampton - 3,000 (1.3%)
Greater London [21]	7,456,100	163,800	2.2%	Newham - 21,000 (8.7% of the city's population) Waltham Forest - 17,500 (7.7%) Redbridge - 15,000 (6.6%) Ealing - 11,500 (3.9%) Brent - 11,000 (4.3%) Hounslow - 9,500 (4.4%) Croydon - 7,500 (2.6%) Wandsworth - 5,500 (1.9%) Harrow - 4,500 (2.5%) Hillingdon - 4,000 (1.8%) Barnet - 4,000 (1.6%) Barking & Dagenham - 3,000 (2.2%)
Yorkshire and the Humber [22]	5,107,500	163,400	3.2%	Bradford - 75,000 (15.3% of the city's population) Huddersfield/Kirklees - 27,000 (6.8%) Sheffield - 16,000 (3.0%) Leeds - 15,500 (3.5%) Halifax/Calderdale - 10,000 (5.0%) Rotherham - 5,000 (4.3%) Wakefield - 3,500 (4.4%)
North West [23]	6,839,800	133,900	2.0%	Manchester - 23,500 (5.9% of the city's population) [24] Rochdale - 16,000 (8.2%) Oldham - 14,000 (13.5%) Blackburn - 12,500 (11.9%) Nelson/Pendle - 12,000 (13.1%) Bolton - 7,000 (5.0%) Accrington/Hyndburn - 6,000 (7.3%) Bury - 6,000 (9.9%) Burnley - 5,000 (5.6%) Trafford - 3,000 (1.4%) Stockport - 3,000 (2.2%)
South East [25]	8,184,600	71,300	0.9%	Slough - 15,000 (12.0% of the city's population) High Wycombe - 10,000 (8.5%) Aylesbury - 5,000 (8.3%)
East [26]	5,563,000	50,800	0.9%	Luton - 17,500 (9.4%) Peterborough - 7,500 (4.6%) Watford - 4,000 (5.0%)
East Midlands [27]	4,327,500	37,600	0.9%	Nottingham - 10,000 Derby - 9,000 Leicester - 5,000
Scotland [1]	5,094,800	40,000	0.6%	Glasgow - 30,000 Edinburgh - 6,500 Dundee - 2,500
North East [28]	2,549,700	17,900	0.7%	Middlesbrough & Stockton-on-Tees - 7,500 Newcastle Upon Tyne - 5,000
South West [29]	5,086,700	14,400	0.3%	Bristol - 4,500
Wales [30]	3,004,600	4,347	0.3%	Cardiff - 3,000
Northern Ireland [31]	1,685,267	666	0.03%	Belfast is likely to be home to the vast majority

Notable communities

London

2006 estimates state that almost 200,000 British Citizens of Pakistani origin live in the Boroughs of London (making up 2.3% of the population). The population is made up of Punjabis, Pathans, Urdu Speakers, Mirpuris and Sindhis. This mix makes the British Pakistani community of London the most diverse of any in the UK, since the population can trace their origins from all the various regions and cities of Pakistan. The largest presence is in the East London communities of Ilford, Walthamstow, Leyton and Barking, however Newham in East London continues to support the largest community. Other large communities can be found in Southall and Hounslow in West London and Tooting, Croydon and Streatham in South London. A considerable number of Pakistanis have set up their own businesses, often employing family members. Today a fifth of Pakistani Londoners are self-employed. Businesses such as grocery stores and newsagents are common, while others who arrived later in London work as taxi drivers or chauffeurs (especially from NWFP area in Pakistan). Well-known British Pakistanis from London include Anwar Pervez, whose Earl's Court grocery store expanded into the Bestway chain with a turnover of £2 billion and the playwright and author Hanif Kureishi.

Birmingham

Birmingham has one of the largest Pakistani expat communities in the World (110,900 Pakistanis made up 11.0% of the city's population in 2006).^[32] Most can trace their origins to Azad Kashmir and Punjab.

Manchester

The largest visible minority in Manchester are Pakistanis (Majority of Azad Kashmir and Punjabi origin) which make up 5.9% of the total population (some 26,800 people in 2006). Sizeable Pakistani populations are also to be found in the neighbouring districts of Oldham and Rochdale. Significantly, one in eight of all Pakistanis reside in Greater Manchester. This cultural diversity is expected to increase over time, given existing trends.^[33]

With greater affluence, a recent trend has seen the some of the Pakistani community move out of the inner city into more spacious suburbs. In South Manchester this means that they have been moving from Longsight/Levenshulme to more suburban areas such as Cheadle, Chorlton and Heaton Mersey. Due to some of these suburbs having high house prices, the Pakistanis who live there tend to be of later generation with successful/professional careers or those who have saved money for many years. The inner city areas that are being left are generally filled with newer immigrants from places like Iran, Afghanistan and Poland.^{[34][35][36][37]}

Bradford

Bradford is famous for its large Pakistani population and is often dubbed Bradistan by both Pakistani Britons and the British themselves^[38]. In 2001, riots escalated between the city's majority white population and the ethnic visible minorities (mainly Pakistani), and were called the Bradford Riots. The riot was estimated to have involved 1,000 youths. More than 300 police officers were hurt during the riot. There were 297 arrests in total; 187 people were charged with riot, 45 with violent disorder and 200 jail sentences totalling 604 years were handed down. In 2006, an estimated 77,100 Pakistanis resided in Bradford representing 15.6% of the city's population.^[39]

Glasgow

The majority of Pakistanis living in Scotland reside in Glasgow (and the surrounding Greater Glasgow area). With an estimated 30,000 Pakistanis living in Glasgow, there are large Pakistani communities throughout the city, notably in the South and West sides with a noticeable presence of Pakistani owned businesses there. The majority have origins from the central Punjab part of Pakistan, around Faisalabad. ^[40]

Culture

Pakistani Britons come together to celebrate Pakistan's Independence Day on 14 August of each year. Together with the Pakistan Consulate in London, and other embassies within the country it's mission is to project Pakistan in its true colour as a dynamic, moderate and peaceful country. The events usually occur in large Pakistani populated areas of various cities in the United Kingdom, most primarily on Green Street in Newham, London. The celebration lasts all day with various festivals. Muslim of the community mark the Islamic Festivals of Eid ul Adha and Eid ul Fitr. In Scotland, British Pakistanis feel more at home there than English people.^[41] The British Pakistani vote is known to make a difference for certain seats.^[42]

Contemporary issues

Allegations of extremism

Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh, convicted murderer of Daniel Pearl, was a Briton of Pakistani descent. In 2004, British police arrested eight British citizens of Pakistani origin on suspicion of preparing for a terrorist attack.^[43] Mohammad Sidique Khan, Shehzad Tanweer, Hasib Hussain who were involved in 7 July 2005 London bombings were all British citizens of Pakistani descent. Central Intelligence Agency and MI5 currently believe that a British-born Pakistani extremist entering the US under the Visa Waiver Program is the most likely source of another terrorist spectacular on American soil.^[44] Gareth Price, head of the Asia Program at the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London stated that British Pakistanis are more likely to be radicalized as compared to other Muslim communities in Britain^[45]

On 8 April 2009, 11 Pakistani Nationals and 1 British Pakistani, were arrested on suspicions of plotting a "major terrorist attack". However, there was not sufficient evidence to bring charges and the men were released without charge. ^[46][47]

Discrimination

British Pakistanis are 8 times more likely to be victims of a racist attack than white individuals. The chances of a Pakistani being racially attacked in a year is more than 4% - the highest rate in the country, along with British Bangladeshis. Though, this has come down from 8% a year in 1996.^[48]

Educational attainment

Pakistani Pupils are the largest ethnic minority group in primary and secondary schools. 98.8% of Pakistani Pupils are Muslim, 0.6% are Sikh, 0.3% are Christian and 0.3% have no religion. As of 2005, 48.4% of British Pakistani pupils had passed 5 or more GCSE's compared to the national average of 54.9%. Furthermore, 32.5% of Pakistani pupils achieved 5 or more GCSE's including English and Maths, compared to the national average of 42.5%.

Going into subsects, 40.4% of British Mipuri students passed 5 or more GCSE's at grades A* to C, this rose to 44.1% for British Kashmiri students and to 49.4% for British Pakistani students of other origins. This can be compared to the Overall British Pakistani average of 48.4% and the national average of 54.9% as of 2005. As with every other ethnicity in Britain, Pakistani girls out did the boys, with 54.1% of girls achieving 5 or more GCSE's at Grades A* to C, compared to just 43.2% of boys. ^[49]

By 2007, 53% of British Pakistani students had passed 5 or more GCSE's, showing an improvement of 5%, between 2005 & 2007. ^[50]

British Pakistani students achieve below national GCSE pass rates. However, this disguises the substantial variation of pupil attainment around the country. In London, for example, Pakistani heritage pupils attained at levels above both the regional and national averages in 2003. Regional variations in Pakistani heritage attainment are much greater than regional variations in the attainment of all pupils. It is likely that this reflects the differing material circumstances, social class profiles and migration histories of different Pakistani communities rather than the quality of educational provision. It is significant in this respect that London is not one of the principal places of Kashmiri settlement.

If Pakistani heritage students are less likely than others to achieve well at 16, how can they be so well represented at university? The explanation probably lies in the distinction between Pakistani and Kashmiri. Certainly this is suggested by a regional analysis of applicants of Pakistani heritage, for disproportionately high numbers of Pakistani applicants are from Greater London, East Anglia and the South East, which are not the principal places of Kashmiri settlement.

Pakistani applicants to universities are under-represented from the West Midlands and Yorkshire and Humber. In the case of London and the South East, however, they are over-represented. It may be reasonably speculated that the differences between regions are to do with material circumstances and social class profiles between different Pakistani communities, not with differing educational provision.

It was already the case in 2004 that Pakistani heritage pupils in London, both boys and girls, achieved above the national average – 50.2 per cent of Pakistani boys in London achieved five or more A*-C grades, compared with 46.8 per cent of boys nationally, as did 63.3 per cent of Pakistani girls, compared with 57 per cent nationally. In London, the achievement of Pakistani heritage pupils rose by 6.4 percentage points between 2003 and 2004, compared with 3.7 per cent nationally. The region with the largest number of Pakistani heritage pupils, Yorkshire and the Humber, had results in 2004 which were strikingly different from results in London. Only 32.3% of Pakistani heritage boys in this region achieved five A*-C grades, and only 42.7% of Pakistani heritage girls.

Other regions with large numbers of Pakistani heritage pupils had lower achievement than in London but higher than in Yorkshire and the Humber. In the North West, for example, 47.8 per cent of Pakistani heritage pupils achieved five or more A*-C grades and in the West Midlands the percentage was 43.5. In both these regions the gap between themselves and Yorkshire and the Humber widened between 2003 and 2004.^[51]

GCSE Pass Rates by Region

Region	Region status	Pass Rate
London Borough of Redbridge	London Borough	64.9%
Manchester	City and Metropolitan borough	54.2%
London Borough of Ealing	London Borough	54.0%
Nottingham	City	53.3%
London Borough of Newham	London Borough	52.7%
London Borough of Waltham Forest	London Borough	49.9%
Rochdale	Metropolitan borough	48.3%
Slough	Borough	47.7%
Lancashire	Non-metropolitan county	46.1%
Birmingham	City and Metropolitan borough	45.2%
Luton	Borough	45.2%
Calderdale	Metropolitan borough	42.7%
Oldham	Metropolitan borough	41.5%
Kirklees	Metropolitan borough	40.2%
Blackburn with Darwen	Borough	37.8%
Leeds	City and Metropolitan borough	35.7%
Buckinghamshire	Non-metropolitan county	34.9%
Bradford	City and Metropolitan borough	34.4%
Sheffield	City and Metropolitan borough	33.3%

Source:^[52]

GCSE Pass Rates by Year

Year	Pass Rate
2000	30%
2001	N/A
2002	N/A
2003	41.3%
2004	45%
2005	48.4%
2006	N/A
2007	53%

Sources:^{[53][54][55][56][57]}

A-Levels

UCAS points achieved as of 2004 (on average by gender and combined):^[58]

Gender	UCAS points
Male	213
Female	221
Both	218

Economics

Statistical and anecdotal evidence points to growing internal divisions based on wealth and education among Pakistanis settled in Britain. As a group they are also statistically more disadvantaged than Indian settlers, although this disguises the common routes of upward social mobility pursued by both the Pakistani and Indian middle classes and other successful entrepreneurs. Residence in deprived northern cities with ailing economies has hindered Pakistani entrepreneurial activities, and a depressed housing market in these regions has made it difficult to move. The low class resources of first-generation Kashmiris in particular and residence in inner-city areas have limited access to good schools and made educational mobility difficult, although there is evidence of Pakistani girls bucking this trend. Hence, one finds the phenomenon of second-generation Punjabi-, Urdu-, and Gujarati-speaking Muslims in big cities such as Manchester or London successfully entering higher education and moving into the professional middle class, while the majority of Kashmiris peripheral towns fail to achieve basic educational qualifications and increasingly adopt a British working-class culture of youth gangs and inner-city turf fights. Researches scarce, but it seems that some of these gangs continue to flag their Islamic identity.

Despite the wide range of studies on Pakistanis, few have looked at the class dimensions of Pakistani migration to Britain, an issue more often highlighted in studies of the South Asian Diaspora in the United States. The assumption appears to be that most Pakistani migrants in Britain come from highly conservative rural, uneducated backgrounds. Exceptionally, Werbner’s (1990/2002) study in Manchester, The Migration Process, analyzes the class structure of local Pakistani immigrant–settlers in order to explain the interactions among class, lifestyle, entrepreneurship, and social networking in creating an impetus toward social change and urbanism, even among migrants originating from rural backgrounds. Manchester has a large middle-class population which includes former students, doctors, and professionals, along with expatriate representatives of Pakistani banks, commercial agencies, companies, and airlines, all of whom come from urban educated backgrounds. This has affected gender roles, entrepreneurial activity, and symbolic consumption among virtually all Pakistanis in the city, whatever their background. Werner shows that increases in wealth have led to profligate displays of consumption and agonistic rituals, especially weddings. Others anthropologists, such as Saifullah-Khan, have debated the implications of class for ethnic representation.

Broadly speaking, it is clear that most British cities were settled by cohorts of urban, middle-class, educated Pakistanis, many of whom arrived as students or doctors. They form the core of a relatively affluent entrepreneurial class of mostly Punjabi or Urdu speakers from higher Muslim caste groups who ventured very early on into entrepreneurial activities. Among these, East Punjabi rains, a caste of vegetable growers, have been successful as traders and wholesalers since the early period of settlement. There are a few notable exceptions to the dominance of Punjabis, Urdu speakers, and Gujarati Muslims. Thus, Best ways, a major national chain grocery wholesaler, is owned by a Kashmiri.^[59]

Poverty

A study by Joseph Rowntree Foundation in 2007 found Pakistani Britons have among the highest poverty rates among different ethnic groups in Britain second only to Bangladeshis. Of different ethnic groups Bangladeshis (65%), Pakistanis (55%) and black Africans (45%) had the highest rates; black Caribbeans (30%), Indians (25%), white Other (25%) and white British (20%) had the lowest rates. However, the British Pakistani poverty rate has decreased from 70% in the mid 90s, showing a decline of 15% over 8 years.^[60][61]

Social Class

As of January 2005, 34% of British Pakistanis are classified as being part of the Middle or Upper Classes.^[62]

Health and social issues

On average, British Pakistanis, male and female, claim to both have only one sexual partner. The average age of losing virginity is claimed to be 20 years for Pakistani males and 22 years for Pakistani females, thus giving an average of 21 years. 3.2% of Pakistani males reported to have been diagnosed with an STI, compared to 3.6% of Pakistani females. These statistics can be explained by the role of cultural norms, regarding issues such as multiple partners and the age of losing one's virginity. Resulting in substantially older age of first intercourse, lower number of partners and low STI rates. ^[63]

Endogamy

A BBC report found that British Pakistanis, 55% of whom marry a first cousin, are 13 times more likely than the general population to produce children with genetic disorders, and that one in ten children of cousin marriages either dies in infancy or develops a serious disability. Thus Pakistani-Britons, who account for some 3% of all births in the UK, produce "just under a third" of all British children with genetic illnesses.^[64] A study published in 1988 in Journal of Medical Genetics found that the rate of consanguineous marriage was 55% and rising.^[65] Though this figure is still lower than the figure of 60% back in Pakistan. Where as, around the world, the figure is less than 29%.^[66]

Forced marriage

According to British Home office more than half the cases of forced marriage investigated involve families of Pakistani origin followed by Bangladeshis and Indians.^[67] Also British home office estimates 85 per cent of victims of forced marriages are women, aged 15–24, 90 per cent are Muslim and 90 per cent are of Pakistani or Bangladeshi heritage.^[68]

Notable people

See also

• Pakistan–United Kingdom relations
• Overseas Pakistani
• London's Pakistani community
• Londonstani
• List of British Asian people
• British Asian
• British Bangladeshi
• Islam in the United Kingdom
• BBC Asian Network
• Desi

References

External links

• BBC Radio Player discussion on the dissatisfaction over the term Asian
• An outline of the immigration pattern of the Pakistani community in Britain - hWeb.org.uk

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v • d • e Ethnic group classifications in the 2001 UK Census White White British · White Irish · Other white Mixed White and black Caribbean · White and black African · White and Asian · Other mixed Asian or Asian British Indian · Pakistani · Bangladeshi · Other Asian Black or black British Caribbean · African · Other black Chinese or other ethnic group Chinese · Other