Pashtunization
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Pashtunization refers to the forced settling of Pashtun groups onto lands formerly belonging to other ethnic groups[1] or more broadly the erosion of the customs, traditions and language of non-Pashtun peoples due to the political and cultural power of the Pashtuns in Afghanistan.[2]
In the broader sense, pashtunization has been going on in south-central Asia for centuries.[3] As a specific governmental policy, pashtunization began as early as the 18th century under Ahmad Shah Durrani,[1] although some[4] cite the reign of Abdur Rahman Khan (in 19th century), and has continued up to the present. More recent attempts at pashtunization were made by the Musahiban[5][6] and the Taliban regimes.[7]
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b Meri, Josef W. (2006). "Sedentarism". Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 713. ISBN 0-415-96691-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC. in reference to the Duranni Empire citing Grötzbach, Erwin (1990) Afghanistan: eine geographische Landeskunde Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, ISBN 3-534-06886-6
- ^ Lansford, Tom (2003) A Bitter Harvest: US foreign policy and Afghanistan Ashgate, Aldershot, Hants, England, ISBN 0-7546-3615-1, page 16: "The modern history of Afghanistan has witnessed a "Pashtunization" of the state as the customs, traditions and language of the Pashtuns have combined with the groups political power to erode the distinctive underpinnings of Afghanistan's other groups.FN20". FN20 cites: US, Department of the Army, Afghanistan: A Country Study, 5th ed. reprint (Washington, DC.: GPO, 1985) page 108.
- ^ "the Pashtun conquest of the Peshawar subregion in the early sixteenth century meant the Pashtunization of the area", Arlinghaus, Joseph Theodore (1988) The Transformation of Afgham Tribal Society: Tribal Expansion, Mughal Imperialism and the Roshaniyya Insurrection, 1450-1600 Thesis/dissertation, Duke University, p.17, OCLC 18996657
- ^ O. Roy, Ethnic Identity and Political Expression in Northern Afghanistan, in Muslims in Central Asia: Expressions of Identity and Change, 1992, ISBN 0-8223-1190-9.
- ^ "the Musahiban made a concerted though ultimately unsuccessful effort to Pashtunize the predominately Persian-speaking civil service." Rubin, Barnett R. (2002) The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn., p. 66, ISBN 0-300-09519-8
- ^ Atabaki, Touraj and O'Kane, John (1998) Post-Soviet Central Asia International Institute for Asian Studies, I.B.Tauris, Leiden, p.208, ISBN 1-86064-327-2
- ^ United States, Congress, House, Committee on International Relations (2003) United States Policy in Afghanistan: Current Issues in Reconstruction (Hearing Before the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, June 19 and October 16, 2003), G.P.O., Washington, DC, p. 104, ISBN 0-16-071157-6
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