Timeline of Mongolian history
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Contents |
[edit] Imperial period
- 1206: Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes and founded the Mongol Empire.
- 1260-64: The civil war of the Mongols. Kublai enthroned himself Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
- 1271: Kublai named Mongol regime in China Great Yuan.
- 1368: The overthrow of the Yuan Dynasty.
- 1380: The sack of Karakorum by the Ming Dynasty.
- 1449: The Mongols crushed the Ming and captured their emperor Zhengtong.
- 1455: Esen Tayisi became the first non-Borjigin Emperor of the Mongols.
- 1464-1517: The reign of Batumongke Dayan Khan who united the entire Mongols.
[edit] Manchu Era
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- 1619-32: Ligden Khan, the last Mongol Great Khan, aims to create a new empire by centralizing control over the various Mongol tribes, but alienates a number of Eastern Mongol tribes who go over to the Manchu.
- 1632: Ligden sets out to Tibet, to evade the Manchu and destroy the Yellow Sect.
- 1634: Ligden dies at the Köke nur.
- 1636: Most Southern Mongolian tribes submit to the Manchu, Qing Dynasty founded.
- 1640: Zanabazar, son of the Tüsheet Khan of the Khalkha, is recognized as the first Jebtsundamba Khutughtu.
- 1688: conflict between the Dzungars on one hand and the Tüsheet Khan and Setsen Khan on the other leads to the almost complete conquest of the Khalkha domains by the Dzungars. Khalkha nobles flee to Southern Mongolia.
- 1691: Khalkha nobles submit to the Manchu.
- 1696: Manchu and Khalkha reconquer the Khalkha domains.
- 1756/57: Destruction of the Dzungars, failed rebellions Amursana and Chingünjav.
- beginning ca. 1907: Implementation of new, sinification-oriented policies by the Qing government.
[edit] Modern Era
- December 1st, 1911: Mongolia declares independence from Qing Dynasty under the Eighth Jebtsundamba Khutugtu.
- December 29th, 1911: Bogdo Khanate of Mongolia is proclaimed and Eighth Jebtsundamba Khutugtu is enthroned as Bogd Khan.
- 1915: Russia, China and Mongolia sign Kyakhta (or Khiagt) treaty about Chinese suzerainty over an autonomous Mongolia.
- 1919: Mongolia is occupied by the Republic of China.
- February 1921: Baron Ungern drives Chinese troops out of Urga and becomes Mongolian dictator.
- March 13, 1921: Ungern declares independence of Mongolia.
- March 18, 1921: partisans headed by Damdin Sükhbaatar defeat the Chinese garrison in the Mongolian part of Khiagt
- Spring-Summer 1921: Damdin Sükhbaatar with support from the Red Army defeats Ungern's forces in Mongolia.
- November 26th, 1924: After the death of the Bogd Khan, the Mongolian People's Republic is declared in Outer Mongolia.
- 1928-1932: Failed attempts of collectivization lead to widespread uprisings and give way to a temporary thaw.
- 1936: Prince Demchugdongrub formed the Mongol Military Government in inner Mongolia for the independence from Repubilic of China and unti-Communism.
- 1937: the Mongol Military Government renamed:Mongol United Autonomous Government.
- 1937-1939: Stalinist terror leads to the death of about 30.000 people in Mongolian People's Republic.
- May-September 16, 1939: Large scale fighting takes place between Japanese and Soviet-Mongolian forces along Khalkhyn Gol on Outer Mongolia-Manchuria border (Battle of Khalkhyn Gol), ending in defeat of the Japanese Guandong Army. Truce negotiated between U.S.S.R. and Japan.
- 1941: Mongol United Autonomous Government renamed: the Mongolian Autonomous Federation known as Mengjiang.
- August 1945: ROC government requested the USSR to enter the war to Japan. As a precondition, Republic of China agreed to recognize Outer Mongolia's independence provided that a plebiscite be held (China, Soviet Union: Treaty of Friendship and Alliance).
- August 1945: Mong People's Republic declares war on Japan, one day after the USSR. Mongolian People's Republic troops take part in the occupation of Inner Mongolia, at that time controlled by the pro-Japanese Mengjiang regime.
- October 1945: Plebiscite yields a 100% pro-independence vote.
- January 1946: ROC government recognized the independence of Mongolian People's Republic.
- October 6, 1949: Newly established People's Republic of China recognizes Mongolia and agrees to establish diplomatic relations.
- 1952, Exiling ROC government in Taiwan renounced the China, Soviet Union: Treaty of Friendship and Alliance. So far, its constitution of ROC in Taiwan still claims ROC sovereignty over entire China, including Outer Mogolia.
- late 1950s: Herds are collectivized again, this time successfully.
- 1955 ROC representatives used veto power to block the Mongolian People's Republic entering United Nations.
- 1961: The Mongolian People's Republic entering United Nations. ROC representative did not veto it.
- 1961: Trans-Mongolian Railway finished.
- 1962: Mongolia becomes member of the COMECON.
- 1962 The communist world was openly split into two camps: Moscow-centered and Beijing-centered. The Mongolian communist leadership resolutely sided with the Soviet Communists (Sino-Soviet split).
- 1965: Yu. Tsedenbal purges intelligentsia.
- 1969 The differences in interpretation of Marxism spread to a brink of overall war between USSR and China. Soviet army stationed a large army in The Mongolian People's Republic bordering with China.
- March 1981: Gurragchaa becomes the first Mongolian in Space.
- August 1984: Resignation of Yu. Tsedenbal.
- January 27, 1987: Diplomatic relations established with the United States.
- December 1989: First popular reform demonstrations. Mongolian Democratic Association organized.
- January 1990: Large-scale pro-democracy demonstrations held in sub-zero weather.
- March 2, 1990: Soviets and Mongolians announce that all Soviet troops will be withdrawn from Mongolia by 1992.
- May 1990: Constitution amended to provide for multi-party system and new elections.
- July 29, 1990: First democratic elections held. Ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) wins
- September 3, 1990: First democratically elected People's Great Hural takes office.
- January 13, 1992: New constitution goes into effect.
- April 8, 1992: New election law passed.
- June 28, 1992: Election for the first unicameral legislature (State Great Hural). MPRP wins
- June 6, 1993: First direct presidential election. Opposition candidate Ochirbat, a former MPRP member, wins.
- June 30, 1996: Election of first non-communist government.
- 1998: murder of Zorig, minister of infrastructure and one of the leaders of the 1990 protests.
- July 2, 2000: Election of the former communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP); formation of new government by Prime Minister Nambaryn Enkhbayar.
- 2003: Mongolian troops begin taking part in peace keeping operations in Afghanistan, Iraq and Sudan.
- 2004: Election leads to a draw. Coalition formed between MPRP and other parties, headed by Elbegdorj, but dissolved by MPRP in January 2006. New coalition between MPRP and smaller parties and defectors formed under Enkhbold on January 25th, 2006, but dissolved by MPRP in October/November 2007. Another Coalition formed under Sanjaagiin Bayar on November 22nd, 2007.
