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Jinan

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Coordinates: 36°40′N 116°59′E / 36.667, 116.983

For the South Korean county of the same name, see Jinan County.
For other uses, see Jin'an.
Jinan
济南
Jǐnán Shì
—  Sub-provincial city  —
Spring City Square in Jinan
Spring City Square in Jinan
Nickname(s): City of Springs
Location of Jinan Prefecture within Shandong
Location of Jinan Prefecture within Shandong
Jinan (China)
Jinan
Jinan
Location within China
Coordinates: 36°40′N 116°59′E / 36.667, 116.983
Country China
Province Shandong
County-level divisions 10
Township divisions 146
Area
 - Total 8,177 km2 (3,157.2 sq mi)
Population (2004)
 - Total 5,900,000
 - Density 721.5/km2 (1,868.8/sq mi)
Time zone China Standard Time (UTC+8)
Postal code 250000
Area code(s) 531
License plate prefixes 鲁A
GDP (2007) CNY 255.4 billion
 - per capita CNY 42,171
City trees: Chinese Willow; City flowers: Lotus
Website: www.jinan.gov.cn (Chinese)

Jinan (simplified Chinese: 济南; traditional Chinese: 濟南; pinyin: Jǐnán; Wade-Giles: Tsinan; in some texts the pinyin without tones is given as Ji'nan, to prevent a possible misreading as Jin'an) is a sub-provincial city and the capital of Shandong province, People's Republic of China. The area of present-day Jinan has played an important role in the history of the region from the earliest beginnings of civilization and has evolved into an important administrative, economic, and transportation hub. The city is located in north-western Shandong, it borders Liaocheng to the southwest, Dezhou to the northwest, Binzhou to the northeast, Zibo to the east, Laiwu to the southeast and Tai'an to the south.

Contents

[edit] Names

The modern-day name "Jinan" literally means "south of the Ji (Waters)" and refers to the old Ji River that once flowed to the north of the city. The Ji River disappeared in 1852, when the Yellow River changed its course northwards and took over the bed of the Ji River. During the times of the Zhou Dynasty (1122 BC to 256 BC), the city of Lixia (Chinese: 历下; pinyin: Lìxià) was the major settlement in the area. The Battle of An, which was fought in the area during the Spring and Autumn Period (in 589 BC) uses the ancient city name An (Chinese: 鞍; pinyin: ān). Marco Polo describes the city under the name "Chingli"[1]. Jinan is also called "City of Springs" (Chinese: 泉城; pinyin: Quán Chéng), because of the many artesian springs.

[edit] Administration

The sub-provincial city of Jinan administers 10 county-level divisions, including 6 districts, 1 county-level city and 3 counties.

These are further divided into 146 township-level divisions, including 65 towns, 27 townships and 54 subdistricts.

[edit] Geography and climate

Jinan is located in the north-western part of Shandong province at 36° 40′ northern latitude and 116° 57′ east of Greenwich. In the relief of the region, the city occupies a transition zone between the northern foothills of the Taishan Massif to the south of the city and the valley of the Yellow River to the north. Karst aquifers in limestone formations sloping down from the south to the north give rise to many artesian springs in the city area. Because Jinan's geographical location falls within the warm temperate continental monsoon climate zone, Jinan has four distinct seasons. The city is dry and rainless in spring, hot and rainy in summer, crisp in autumn and dry and cold in winter. The average annual temperature is 14.2°C, and the annual rainfall is around 675 mm. January is the coldest and driest month, the monthly averages are -5.4°C for the daily minimum temperature, 3.6°C for the daily maximum temperature, and 6.6 mm for the rainfall. July is the warmest and wettest month, the corresponding numbers are 23.5°C, 32.6°C, and 190.9 mm (Source: The Global Historical Climatology Network, version 2 beta, covering 874 months between 1916 and 1990). Temperature Inversions are common occurrences (about 200 days per year)[2].

[edit] History

Great Wall of Qi (齐长城) in Changqing, Jinan
Jade Mask Recovered from Tombs of Han Dynasty in Shuangru Mountain (双乳山汉墓), Jinan
Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains (鹊华秋色), left half

The area of present-day Jinan has been inhabited for more than 4000 years. The Neolithic Longshan Culture was first discovered at the Chengziya (城子崖) site to the east of Jinan (Zhangqiu City) in 1928. One of the unique features of the Longshan Culture is the skill of pottery making, demonstrated in recovered black pottery pieces - some of which are as thin as egg shells.

During the Spring and Autumn Period (722 B.C. - 481 B.C.) and Warring States Period (475 B.C - 221 B.C.), the area of Jinan was split between two states - the state of Lu in the west and the state of Qi in the east. In 685 B.C., the state of Qi started to build the Great Wall of Qi (Chinese: 齐长城; pinyin: Qí Chángchéng) across Changqing county. Portions of the wall still remains today and are accessible as open air museums. Bian Que (扁鹊), according to the legend the earliest Chinese physician and active around 500 B.C., is said to have been a native of present-day Changqing County. Zou Yan (邹衍, 305 B.C - 240 B.C), a native of Zhangqiu City, developed the concepts of Yin-Yang and the Five Elements (Chinese: 阴阳五行说; pinyin: yīn yáng wŭ xíng shuō).

During the times of the Han Dynasty (206 B.C. - 220 A.D.), Jinan was the capital of the Kingdom of Jibei (Chinese: 济北国; pinyin: Jǐbĕi Guó) and evolved into the cultural and economic hub of the region. The Han Dynasty tomb where the last king of Jibei, Liu Kuan (Chinese: 刘宽; pinyin: Liú Kuān), was buried at Shuangru Mountain (Chinese: 双乳山; pinyin: Shuāngrŭ Shān) was excavated by archaeologists from Shandong University in 1995 and 1996. More than 2000 artifacts such as jade swords, jade masks, jade pillows have been recovered within the 1,500 square meter excavation site, emphasizing the wealth of the city during the period. Cao Cao (Chinese: 曹操; pinyin: Cáo Cāo, 155 A.D - 220 A.D) was an official in Jinan before he became the de facto ruler of the Han Dynasty. His son overthrew the last emperor of the Han and founded the Wei Kingdom (220 A.D - 265 A.D) of the Three Kingdoms Period.

Since the 5th century, Buddhism has flourished in Jinan. The Langgong Temple (朗公寺) in the southern county of Licheng was one of the most important temples in northern China at that time. The same period witnessed extensive construction of Buddhist sites in the southern counties of Licheng and Changqing such as the Lingyan Temple (灵岩寺) and the Thousand-Buddha Cliff (千佛崖). In particular, a large number cave temples were established in the hills south of Jinan[1].

Jinan remained the cultural center of the region during the Song Dynasty (960 A.D - 1279 A.D). The Song rulers promoted Jinan to a superior prefecture in 1116. Two of most important poets of the Southern Song were both born in Jinan: Xin Qiji (辛弃疾, 1140 A.D - 1207 A.D ), the famous patriotic poet who led the peasant rebellion against the Jurchen invasion in 1161 A.D. and Li Qingzhao (李清照, 1084 A.D - 1151 A.D), the most famous female poet in Chinese history. Both of the poets lived in the period when the Song Dynasty suffered major military setbacks against the Jurchens and lost almost half of its territories. Although well-known for their patriotism, the poets failed to persuade the government of the Song Dynasty to stand up to the Jin Dynasty established by the Jurchens and recover the lost territories which by then included Jinan. After retreating to southern China and realizing the incapabilities of their government, the poets started to write extensively and passionately about their hope of a stronger nation and recovery of lost lands.

During the Jin (1115 – 1234 AD) and Yuan (1271 – 1368AD) Dynasties, culture in Jinan continued to thrive. One of the most famous artists of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhao Mengfu (赵孟頫, 1254 -1322 A.D) was appointed to the post of governor of Jinan in 1293 A.D and spent three years in the city. Among the extraordinary art works he completed during his stay in Jinan, the best known painting is "Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains" (鹊华秋色). Geographer Yu Qin (于钦, 1284 A.D - 1333 A.D) also served as an official in Jinan and authored his famous geography book Qi Cheng (齐乘) there.

When Shandong Province was established in the Ming Dynasty, Jinan became its capital[1].

The shift of the Yellow River into a new bed to the north in 1852 triggered the modern expansion of Jinan. The new course of the Yellow River connected the city to the Grand Canal and regional waterways in northern Shandong and southern Hebei[1].

German influence in Jinan grew after the Qing Dynasty ceded Qingdao to the German Empire in 1897. The Jiaoji (Qingdao-Jinan) railway was built by the Germans against local resistance. Discontent over the construction of the railway was one of the sources fueling the Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)[3]. During the rebellion, foreign priests were evacuated from Jinan and Chinese christians became a target of violence. The Jiao-Ji railway was completed in 1904, three years after the Boxer Rebellion had been put down, and opened the city to foreign trade[1]. The importance of Jinan as a transportation hub was cemented with the completion of the north-south Jinpu railway from Tianjin to Pukou in 1912[1]. Jinan became a major trading center for agricultural goods in northern China. Traded commodities included cotton, grain, peanuts, and tobacco[1]. Jinan also developed into a major industrial center, taking the second place in the province after Qingdao.

In 1919, after the First World War, the Japanese took over the German sphere of influence in Shandong, established a significant Japanese colony in Jinan[1], and took control of the Jiaoji railway. According to estimates by a contemporary Japanese govenment official, about 2,000 Japanese were living in Jinan in 1931, about half of which were involved in the opium trade for which the Japanese had a loosely controlled monopoly that was exploited with the participation of Chinese traders[4]

During the Warlord era of the Republic of China, Zhang Zongchang, nick-named the "Dogmeat General", ruled Shandong from Jinan during the period lasting from April 1925 until May 1928. Zhang was unpopular for his heavy-handed rule and in particular his heavy taxation[5]. Besides heavy taxes, he relied financially on opium to finance his periodic wars[4]. Zhang even planned to use some of the wealth extracted from these sources for building a living shrine and a large bronze statue for himself on the shore of Daming Lake, but these plans were not realized as his rule came to an end.

In spring 1928, the Kuomintang's Northern Expedition reached Jinan. On May 3rd, 1928, clashes developed between Japanese troops stationed in Jinan and the Kuomintang troops moving into the city (Jinan Incident). During the Nanjing decade of the Republic of China, Han Fuju, a military commander form the warlord era who had aligned himself with the Kuomintang, became military governor of Shandong. He established his base in Jinan and is credited with curtailing banditry and drug trading, thereby bringing a measure of peace and prosperity to the city. However, from 1935 onwards Han was under heavy pressure from the Japanese consul in Jinan to declare Shandong an "independent state" allied with Japan.

After the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese invasion force crossed the Yellow River 60 kilometers north-east of Jinan on December 23rd, 1937[6]. Han Fuju abandoned Jinan on the next day against orders to hold the city to the death[6]. He ordered the offices of the provincial government and the Japanese consulate to be burned down[6] and the ensuing power vacuum led to wide-spread looting in the city[6]. Japanese Troops entered Jinan on December 27th, 1937[6].

Japanese troops controlled Jinan until their defeat in 1945. After this, a Kuomintang army regained a short-lived control of the city in 1948 that lasted only until the People's Liberation Army breached the city wall and entered Jinan on September 24, 1948.

The largest among the drawn-out sequence of earthquakes that made up the Xingtai Earthquake damaged about 36,000 houses in Jinan[7].

On May 27 1966, the Cultural Revolution started in Jinan with an article in the local newspaper "Jinan Evening News" (Chinese: 济南晚报; pinyin: Jǐnán Wǎnbào) that denounced vice-governor Yu Xiu as a Bourgeois agent within the government[7]. Starting from early June 1966, the schools in Jinan were closed down by strikes as teachers were "struggled against". At the same time, Big-character posters started to appear in the city[7]. Red Guards took to the streets of Jinan from late August 1966 onwards damaging cultural heritage and setting up courts to prosecute perceived enemies of the revolution. In the spring of 1967, the "May 7th Incident" took place: When Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan, both later reviled as members of the Gang of Four, visited Jinan to support the Cultural Revolution and its local leader Wang Xiao Yu, fighting erupted in the front of the provincial government between two rivaling fractions of the Cultural Revolution, the "April 22nd Group" and the Wang Xiao Yu's "April 28th Group". In the end, more than 10,000 people had been involved in the fighting[8]. On October 11 1967, the tallest statue of Mao Zedong in Shandong province was erected on the campus of Shandong Normal University[9]. On September 17 1968, a large assembly of Jinan workers celebrates the arrival of a mango fruit in the "August 1st" Meeting Hall. The fruit had been a gift to the workers in Beijing by Mao and was subsequently passed on to the workers in Jinan. In November 1968, Wang Xiao Yu began to agitate against the local army units in Jinan and Shandong Province. By then unrest due to the Cultural Revolution had severely damaged the city's governmental and industrial infrastructure, with about 80% of all government institutions shut down[10]. Large public protest were staged on April 4 and 5 1969 where approximate 500,000 people protested the occupation of Zhenbao Island by the Soviet Union [11]. On July 29 1970, the leadership of the Cultural Revolution passed a resolution to make sweeping changes to the city's eductional system: The liberal art departments of Shandong University were moved to Qufu and combined with Qufu Normal College to form a new Shandong University. The biology department was moved to Tai'an and merged into the Shandong Agricultural College. The rest of the sciences was to form the Shandong Science and Technology University. Shandong Normal University was to be moved to Liaocheng. Shandong Medical College and Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine were to be merged and moved to Tai'an[12]. Shandong University was restored in its original form and the "Shandong Science and Technology University" was abolished in early 1974 [13]. The first reversals of cultural revolution policies started in early 1971: On May 23rd of that year, the Shandong Provincial Museum was reopened after having been closed for about 5 years (since May 1966)[14]. In the next year, the Jinan Committee for the Cultural Revolution officially reverted the name changes of the four city districts enacted in 1966. During the 6 years between the name change and its reversal, Lixia District had been known officially as "Hongwei", Tianqiao as "Face the Sun", Huaiying as "East Wind", and Shizhong as "Red Flag"[15]. As the Cultural Revolution came to an end, Jinan started to receive visitors from abroad. For example, it was visited by a delegation from the United States Congress between August 8 and 11, 1975[16]. On September 18th 1976, Mao's death was morned by about 600,000 people at an official service in Jinan's August 1st Square [17].

[edit] Demographics

Jinan's 2005 estimated population is 5.69 million in the whole city-jurisdiction area, with a total of 2.54 million living in urban areas. The population is predominantly Han (98.3%), with very small portions of Hui and Manchu Chinese.

[edit] Language and culture

Local residents in the city proper, as well as in the surrounding areas, have traditionally spoken the Jinan dialect of Mandarin that is not readily understood even by native speakers of standard Mandarin. The younger people of Jinan are more likely to speak standard Mandarin, whereas many older residents retain strong local dialect elements in their speech.

Jinan has its own cuisine, the Jinan style of the Lu cuisine (simplified Chinese: 鲁菜; traditional Chinese: 魯菜; pinyin: Lǔcài), one the Eight Culinary Traditions of China.

[edit] Economy

With the shift of the Yellow River to a new bed right to the north of Jinan and the establishment of a railroad hub, the city became a major market for agricultural products from the productive farming regions to the north[1]. Following the trade in agricultural goods, the city developed a textile and clothing industry, flour mills, oil presses, as well as factories producing paper, cement, and matches[1]. In the 1950s, large iron and steel works as well as chemical factories were established around Jinan. The large metal works produce pig iron, ingot steel, as well as finished steel [1]. In the 1970s, factories for the production of trucks and construction vehicles were added.

Jinan has a pool of high-quality labor resources. There are 18 universities and colleges in the city where more than 200,000 students are studying. Among the 200+ research institutes in the city, 10 are national laboratories.

The focus on technology intensive industries has transformed Jinan from a city supported by heavy industry and textiles to a city with more diverse industrial structure. Information Technology, transportation tools, home appliances, bio-engineered products, etc. have become important components of the area's industry. Jinan's IT-related economic output was ranked to be in the fourth place nationally in 2004.

Industrial zones include:

  • Jinan High-tech Industrial Zone
  • Liaocheng Economic Development Zone

[edit] Transportation

Highway Bridge across the Yellow River

[edit] Railways

Jinan is positioned at the intersection of two major railways: the Jinghu Railway running in the north-south direction from Beijing to Shanghai and the Jiaoji Railway that connects Jinan to the sea port of Qingdao in the west. Other major cities connected by the Jinghu Railway within the province include Dezhou, Tai'an, Jining, and Zaozhuang; cities in Shandong connected by the Jiaoji Railway include Zibo, Qingdao, and Weifang.

[edit] Expressways

Major expressways include China National Highway 104, China National Highway 220 and China National Highway 309. Because of Jinan's location and role as a road and rail transportation hub, the Jinan Coach Terminus has one of the largest passenger flows in China. On peak travel days, as many as 92,000 passengers per day have been counted, on off-peak days the number is around 42,000 passengers per day[18].

[edit] Airport

Jinan Yaoqiang International Airport is located about 33 kilometers northeast of the city center and to the north of the town of Yaoqiang (Chinese: 遥墙镇; pinyin: Yáo Qiáng Zhèn) from which the name of the airport is derived. The airport is connected to the city of center of Jinan by expressways. It has domestic flights to many of the major cities in China as well as to international destinations, in particular Seoul and Singapore.

[edit] Attractions

see also: List of sites in Jinan

Daming Lake
Five Dragon Pool
Four Gates Pagoda
Quancheng Square at Night

Jinan is renown across China for its numerous springs, the lakes fed by the spring water, and the weeping willows that grow along the water edges. An old expression to describe Jinan's ancient cityscape says "Every family has spring water, every household has a willow tree" Chinese: 家家泉水，户户垂杨; pinyin: Jiā jiā quán shuǐ, hù hù chuíyáng). Jinan was also the historical center of Buddhist culture for the whole province which is still manifest in the many historic sites that are left behind in its southern counties.

[edit] Spring and lake parks

Jinan is known as the "City of Springs" because of the large number of natural artesian springs. The majority of the springs, many of which have been historically listed under the "72 Famous Springs" (Chinese: 七十二名泉; pinyin: qī shí èr míng quán) are concentrated in the downtown district and flow north to converge in Daming Lake. The Baotu Spring Park is the most popular of the springs in the City of Jinan proper. Besides the Baotu Spring, the park contains several other springs that are listed among the "72 Famous Springs". "Baotu" (Chinese: 趵突; pinyin: Bào tū) means "jumping and leaping" in Chinese. The water in the spring pool can be seen foaming and gushing, looking like a pot of boiling water. The spring was visited by the Emperor Qian Long (1711 A.D - 1799 A.D) of the Qing Dynasty and the Emperor complimented the spring as "No.1 under the Heaven"(天下第一泉). A tablet with the Emperor's handwriting "Baotu Spring" has since been erected beside the spring pool.

Not far away to the northeast of Baotu Spring Park is the Daming Lake, which, together with Baotu Spring and the Thousand-Buddha Mountain (千佛山) has often been regarded as the "Three Greatest Attractions in Jinan". Other notable parks in the city include the Five Dragon Pool (五龙潭) near the Baotu Spring Park, the Black Tiger Springs (黑虎泉) on the southern city moat, and the Baimai Springs (百脉泉) of Zhangqiu City to the east of Jinan.

[edit] Buddhist sites

Historic Buddhist sites are particularly common in Licheng County to the south-east of the city center of Jinan. The Four Gates Pagoda (四门塔), built in 661 A.D., is the oldest existing one-story stone tower in China. The pagoda houses four Buddhist statues dating from the 6th century, and the Cypress tree (九顶松) standing next to the pagoda is more than 1000 years old. Below the hill on which pagoda stands lie the remnants of the Shentong Temple (神通寺), which was founded in the 4th century but was destroyed in the wars of later dynasties. The funerary stelae of monks from the temple which date from different historic periods display remarkable artistic features. The statues in the nearby Thousand-Buddha Cliff (千佛崖) form one of the best collections of Tang Dynasty Buddhist statues in the region.

The Lingyan Temple in the southern county of Changqing was one of the four most famous temples (四大名刹) of the Tang Dynasty. The temple was founded during the Jin Dynasty and reached its heyday during the Tang and Song Dynasties. During the Tang Dynasty, the famous monk Xuan Zang stayed in the temple and translated Buddhist manuscripts he had brought to China from India. Many emperors in Chinese history visited the temple before they went to Mount Tai (one of China's five sacred mountains, located south of Jinan) for ceremonies. The clay sculptures of Buddhas made in the Song Dynasty are considered as "The Best of China" (Chinese: 海内第一名塑; pinyin: hǎi nèi dì yī míng sù) by the great scholar and journalist Liang Qichao (1873 A.D - 1929 A.D). Buddhist architectures within the temple such as pagodas and tomb stelae are among the earliest and best protected in the region.

[edit] Museums and libraries

The Shandong Provincial Museum located at the foothill of Thousand-Buddha Mountain is the largest museum in the province. It has a large collection of natural as well as historical treasures from the whole province. The museum was established in its present form in 1982 and right now it has 8 exhibition halls - "Treasures of Shandong Province", "Stone Sculptures", "Warship of the Ming Dynasty", "Ancient Coins", "Art Treasures", "Fossil Collections", "Dinosaurs" and "Specimens". The museum has more than 210,000 relics and specimens, making up 1/3 of the collections in museums of whole province. The Shandong Provincial Museum has been ranked No. 7 in terms of collection size among the museums of China.

The Jinan Municipal Museum is to the west of Thousand-Buddha Mountain, in the north of the city. Even though dwarfed by the provincial museum, the Jinan Municipal Museum still has a collection of more than 20,000 items. Most relics on display in the municipal museum were recovered in the city.

The Shandong Provincial Library in the eastern High-tech Park is the finest in the province and among the Top 10 Chinese Libraries. As of 2004, the library had more than 5.18 million documents, many of which date back many centuries and are important sources for research on Chinese history. The library also has a large collection of western journals/books. Originally, the library was built close to Daming Lake in 1909 by the then governor of Shandong. In the late 1990s, a project was undertaken to move the library to the eastern part of the city, and it reopened in 2002 with 35 reading rooms and more than 2000 seats.

[edit] Shopping centers

Most shopping malls in Jinan are in the downtown area centered around Spring City Square (Chinese: 泉城广场; pinyin: Quán Chéng Guǎng Cháng) and Spring City Road (Chinese: 泉城路; pinyin: Quán Chéng Lù). Spring City Square was built by the municipal government beside the city moat in the early 21st century; at the center is the statue "Spring" which has become a symbol of Jinan. The square borders on the ancient city moat. It has a music fountain, a 46,000 square meter underground shopping center and a memorial hall with statues of famous people from Shandong.

Spring City Road was rebuilt at the same time that Spring City Square was created. The government's intention was to create a modern business district and yet preserve the traditional Chinese culture. Therefore newly-built shopping malls with traditional Chinese architectural styles and modern western skyscrapers can be found side-by-side along Spring City Road. Notable retail businesses are Quancheng Bookstore - the largest bookstore of the city - and Walmart (near the western end of Spring City Road). Major shopping malls along the road are the Guihe Shopping Center (Chinese: 贵和商厦; pinyin: Guìhé Shāngshà), the Sofitel Silver Plaza, and the Wanda Shopping Mall (Chinese: 万达集团; pinyin: Wàndá Jítuán). In December 2007, construction started on the Jinan Hang Lung Plaza (Chinese: 济南恒隆广场; pinyin: Jǐnán Héng Lóng Guǎngcháng) to the south of Spring City Road (opposite of Water Lily Street), which is projected to become Jinan's largest shopping mall with six levels of retail space and a total gross floor area of 150,000 square meters[19].

[edit] Education

[edit] Universities and colleges

[edit] Provincial key high schools

[edit] Sports

The Shandong Luneng Football Club is the best known sports team in Jinan. The club currently plays at the highest tier of Chinese football, the Chinese Super League. The Shandong Luneng Football Club is one of four clubs which have been playing in Chinese top football league for all the 15 seasons since the league turned professional in 1994. Over these 15 seasons the club has won 8 titles: Top League Champions (1999, 2006, 2008), FA Cups (1995, 1999, 2004, 2006), and CSL Cup (2004).

The most renown basketball team in Jinan is called Shandong Jinsidun. Like the football team, the Shandong Jinsidun have been playing in the Chinese top basketball league for all the 13 seasons since the league turned professional in 1995. The team's best season was 1997-1998 when it finished 3rd place.

[edit] Sister cities

Jinan has eleven sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International:


[edit] References

 This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jinan. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 28, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online
  2. ^ "Cleaner Production in China"
  3. ^ Lanxin Xiang: The Origins of the Boxer War, Routledge, 2003
  4. ^ a b Kathryn Meyer, James H Wittebols, Terry Parssinen (2002): "Webs of Smoke: Smugglers, Warlords and the History of the International Drug Trade", published by Rowman & Littlefield
  5. ^ Patricia Buckley Ebrey, "Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook", Simon and Schuster
  6. ^ a b c d e Diana Lary: "Treachery, Disgrace and Death: Han Fuju and China's Resistance to Japan" War in History 2006 13 (1) 65­-90
  7. ^ a b c Jinan City Government online records for 1966 (1st half)
  8. ^ Jinan City Government online records for 1967 (1st half)
  9. ^ Jinan City Government online records for 1967 (2nd half)
  10. ^ Jinan City Government online records for 1968
  11. ^ Jinan City Government online records for 1969
  12. ^ Jinan City Government online records for 1970
  13. ^ Jinan City Government online records for 1974
  14. ^ Jinan City Government online records for 1971
  15. ^ Jinan City Government online records for 1972
  16. ^ Jinan City Government online records for 1975
  17. ^ Jinan City Government online records for 1976
  18. ^ Jinan Coach Terminus official website (in Chinese)
  19. ^ project description of Jinan Hang Lung Plaza by the developer

[edit] External links

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