Voiced dental plosive

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IPA – number	104 + 408
IPA – text	d̪
IPA – image
Entity	d̪
X-SAMPA	d_d
Kirshenbaum	d[
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiced dental plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is d̪, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d_d. This is the symbol for the voiced alveolar plosive with the "bridge below" diacritic meaning dental.

Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 See also

[edit] Features

Features of the voiced dental plosive:

• Its manner of articulation is plosive or stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
• Its place of articulation is dental which means it is articulated with the tongue on either the lower or the upper teeth, or both.
• Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the center of the tongue, rather than the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

[edit] Occurrence

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2007)

True dental consonants are relatively uncommon. In the Romance languages, /d/ is often called dental. However, the rearmost contact (which is what gives a consonant its distinctive sound) is actually alveolar, or perhaps denti-alveolar; the fact that the front of the tongue touches the teeth may be more visible, but is unimportant acoustically.^{[citation needed]} The difference between the /d/ sounds of the Romance languages and English is not so much where the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth as which part of the tongue makes the contact. In English, it is the tip of the tongue (such sounds are termed apical), whereas in a number of Romance languages, it is the flat of the tongue just above the tip (such sounds are called laminal).

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic	Standard[1]	ذوق	[ˈd̪awq]	'taste'	See Arabic phonology
Catalan[2]		ull de bou	[uʎ d̪ə ˈβɔw]	'round window'	See Catalan phonology
Croatian		disati	[d̪isati]	'to breathe'
Dinka[3]		dhek	[d̪ek]	'distinct'	Contrasts with alveolar /d/
English	Irish[4]	that	[d̪æt]	'that'	Corresponds to /ð/ in other dialects. See English phonology
Georgian[5]		კუდი	[ˈkud̪i]	'tail'
Hindi[6]		दाल	[d̪ɑl]	'lentils'	Hindi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Irish		dorcha	[ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə]	'dark'	See Irish phonology
Italian[7]		dare	[ˈd̪are]	'to give'	See Italian phonology
Pashto		ﺪﻮﻩ	[ˈd̪wɑ]	'two'
Polish[8]		dom	[d̪ɔm] (help·info)	'home'	See Polish phonology
Portuguese[9]		dar	[d̪aɾ]	'to give'	See Portuguese phonology
Russian[10]		дышать	[d̪ɨˈʂatʲ]	'to breathe'	Contrasts with a palatalized voiced alveolar plosive. See Russian phonology
Serbian		дисати	[d̪isati]	'to breathe'
Spanish[11]		hundido	[ũn̪ˈd̪iðo̞]	'sunken'	See Spanish phonology
Turkish		dal	[d̪äl]	'finger'	See Turkish phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan[12]	'dan'	[d̪aŋ]	'countryside'

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

• Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618 
• Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223 
• Hickey, Raymond (1984), "Coronal Segments in Irish English", Journal of Linguistics 20 (2): 233-250 
• Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191 
• Jones, Daniel; Dennis, Ward (1969). The Phonetics of Russian. Cambridge University Press. 
• Ladefoged, Peter (2005). Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.). Blackwell. 
• Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373 
• Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquipan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107-114 
• Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39 (1): 113-124 
• Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628 
• Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659 
• Watson, Janet (2002). The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic. New York: Oxford University Press. 

[edit] See also

• List of phonetics topics

v • d • e Consonants List · Table Pulmonics Bila​bial Labio​d. Den​tal Alv. Post. Retro​fl. Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn. Epi​glot​t. Glot​tal Non-pulmonics and other symbols [edit • talk] Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ  Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ  Impl.  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ Fricatives ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ  Eject.  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ Approxim. ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ  Affr.  p̪͡f t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Other laterals  ɺ • ɫ Flaps / taps ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ ɽ • • Co-art. fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ Lateral Fric. ɬ ɮ • • • Co-art. approxim.  ʍ w ɥ Lateral Appr. l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m This table contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible. See also IPA · Vowels